Hazel nut BB Strategy, volume base- lite versionHazel nut BB Strategy, volume base — lite version
Having knowledge and information in financial markets is only useful when a trader operates with a well-defined trading strategy. Trading strategies assist in capital management, profit-taking, and reducing potential losses.
This strategy is built upon the core principle of supply and demand dynamics. Alongside this foundation, one of the widely used technical tools — the Bollinger Bands — is employed to structure a framework for profit management and risk control.
In this strategy, the interaction of these tools is explained in detail. A key point to note is that for calculating buy and sell volumes, a lower timeframe function is used. When applied with a tick-level resolution, this provides the most precise measurement of buyer/seller flows. However, this comes with a limitation of reduced historical depth. Users should be aware of this trade-off: if precise tick-level data is required, shorter timeframes should be considered to extend historical coverage .
The strategy offers multiple configuration options. Nevertheless, it should be treated strictly as a supportive tool rather than a standalone trading system. Decisions must integrate personal analysis and other instruments. For example, in highly volatile assets with narrow ranges, it is recommended to adjust profit-taking and stop-loss percentages to smaller values.
◉ Volume Settings
• Buyer and seller volume (up/down volume) are requested from a lower timeframe, with an option to override the automatic resolution.
• A global lookback period is applied to calculate moving averages and cumulative sums of buy/sell/delta volumes.
• Ratios of buyers/sellers to total volume are derived both on the current bar and across the lookback window.
◉ Bollinger Band
• Bands are computed using configurable moving averages (SMA, EMA, RMA, WMA, VWMA).
• Inputs allow control of length, standard deviation multiplier, and offset.
• The basis, upper, and lower bands are plotted, with a shaded background between them.
◉ Progress & Proximity
• Relative position of the price to the Bollinger basis is expressed as percentages (qPlus/qMinus).
• “Near band” conditions are triggered when price progress toward the upper or lower band exceeds a user-defined threshold (%).
• A signed score (sScore) represents how far the close has moved above or below the basis relative to band width.
◉ Info Table
• Optional compact table summarizing:
• - Upper/lower band margins
• - Buyer/seller volumes with moving averages
• - Delta and cumulative delta
• - Buyer/seller ratios per bar and across the window
• - Money flow values (buy/sell/delta × price) for bar-level and summed periods
• The table is neutral-colored and resizable for different chart layouts.
◉ Zone Event Gate
• Tracks entry into and exit from “near band” zones.
• Arming logic: a side is armed when price enters a band proximity zone.
• Trigger logic: on exit, a trade event is generated if cumulative buyer or seller volume dominates over a configurable window.
◉ Trading Logic
• Orders are placed only on zone-exit events, conditional on volume dominance.
• Position sizing is defined as a fixed percentage of strategy equity.
• Long entries occur when leaving the lower zone with buyer dominance; short entries occur when leaving the upper zone with seller dominance.
◉ Exit Rules
• Open positions are managed by a strict priority sequence:
• 1. Stop-loss (% of entry price)
• 2. Take-profit (% of entry price)
• 3. Opposite-side event (zone exit with dominance in the other direction)
• Stop-loss and take-profit levels are configurable
◉ Notes
• This lite version is intended to demonstrate the interaction of Bollinger Bands and volume-based dominance logic.
• It provides a framework to observe how price reacts at band boundaries under varying buy/sell pressure, and how zone exits can be systematically converted into entry/exit signals.
When configuring this strategy, it is essential to carefully review the settings within the Strategy Tester. Ensure that the chosen parameters and historical data options are correctly aligned with the intended use. Accurate back testing depends on applying proper configurations for historical reference. The figure below illustrates sample result and configuration type.
Chart patterns
GC Checklist Signals (All TF, v6 • SR-safe • Clean blocks)GC (COMEX Gold) checklist strategy with a 3:1 reward-to-risk to your training bot. It enforces the following rules:
Heiken Ashi chart logic for color, wicks, and doji detection
100-EMA filter (only buys above / sells below)
Market structure: higher-low above EMA for buys; lower-high below EMA for sells (simple pivot check)
Clean pullback: at least 2 opposite-color candles; clean = no top wicks (buys) / no bottom wicks (sells)
Entry: on high-volume doji (body ≤ ~12% of range and volume ≥ last 1–3 candles), as soon as it closes
Stops: sell = above doji high; buy = below doji low
ORB + SMA 20/50 Crossover BUY/SELL by Yuvaraj Veppampattu Plots ORB High & Low lines for the first X minutes.
Adds SMA 20 & SMA 50 lines on chart.
Shows BUY arrow when SMA20 crosses ABOVE SMA50.
Shows SELL arrow when SMA20 crosses BELOW SMA50.
Adds alerts for both ORB breakouts & SMA crossovers.
Range Breakout StrategyAfter consecutive candle closes it creates a range, and if price breaks out of it it enters with fixed take profit.
Consecutive Candles Box with MidpointHelps to identify consecutive candle closes for potential ranges.
Multiple Moving Averages5 Simple Moving Averages: 12, 20, 55, 80, 144 periods
Different colors: Each moving average uses a different color for easy distinction
Crossover signals: Display crossover signals for MA12/MA20 and MA55/MA144
Value display: Show current specific values of each moving average in a table at the top right corner
Optional EMA: The commented section provides code for the EMA version, which can be uncommented if needed
Distribution DaysThis script marks Distribution Days according to the Investors Business Daily method -- a significant decline on higher volume:
(1.) Price has declined > 0.2% from the prior day's close
(2.) Trading volume is greater than the prior day's volume
QZ Trend (Crypto Edition) v1.1a: Donchian, EMA, ATR, Liquidity/FThe "QZ Trend (Crypto Edition)" is a rules-based trend-following breakout strategy for crypto spot or perpetual contracts, focusing on following trends, prioritizing risk control, seeking small losses and big wins, and trading only when advantageous.
Key mechanisms include:
- Market filters: Screen favorable conditions via ADX (trend strength), dollar volume (liquidity), funding fee windows, session/weekend restrictions, and spot-long-only settings.
- Signals & entries: Based on price position relative to EMA and EMA trends, combined with breaking Donchian channel extremes (with ATR ratio confirmation), plus single-position rules and post-exit cooldowns.
- Position sizing: Calculate positions by fixed risk percentage; initial stop-loss is ATR-based, complying with exchange min/max lot requirements.
- Exits & risk management: Include initial stop-loss, trailing stop (tightens only), break-even rule (stop moves to entry when target floating profit is hit), time-based exit, and post-exit cooldowns.
- Pyramiding: Add positions only when profitable with favorable momentum, requiring ATR-based spacing; add size is a fraction of the base position, with layers sharing stop logic but having unique order IDs.
Charts display EMA, Donchian channels, current stop lines, and highlight low ADX, avoidable funding windows, and low-liquidity periods.
Recommend starting with 4H or 1D timeframes, with typical parameters varying by cycle. Liquidity settings differ by token; perpetuals should enable funding window filters, while spot requires "long-only" and matching fees. The strategy performs well in trends with quick stop-losses but faces whipsaws in ranges (filters mitigate but don’t eliminate noise). Share your symbol and timeframe for tailored parameters.
Champs LevelsEasy Bullish & Bearish sentiments to show short term trends.
How it works:
Orange line → 8 EMA
Purple line → Premarket High
Red line → Premarket Low
Background flashes green when above both, red when below both
🚀 marker = bullish breakout, ⚠ marker = bearish breakdown
Alerts for both sides
Intelligent Currency Breakout ChannelIndicator: Intelligent Currency Breakout Channel
This document provides a detailed explanation of the "Intelligent Currency Breakout Channel" indicator for TradingView.
1. Overview
The Intelligent Currency Breakout Channel is an advanced technical analysis tool designed to identify periods of price consolidation and signal potential breakouts. It automatically draws channels around ranging price action and utilizes sophisticated volume analysis to provide deeper insights into market sentiment. The indicator also includes a built-in logarithmic regression screener to help traders align their breakout signals with the broader market trend.
2. Key Features
Automatic Channel Detection: The indicator identifies periods of low volatility and automatically draws a containing channel (box) around the price action.
Breakout Signals: It generates clear visual alerts (▲ for bullish, ▼ for bearish) when the price closes decisively outside of a channel.
In-Depth Volume Analysis: Within each channel, the indicator plots volume as candlestick-like bars, offering three distinct modes: Total Volume, Buy/Sell Comparison, and Volume Delta. This helps traders gauge the strength and conviction behind price movements.
Real-time Sentiment Gauge: When a channel is active, a dynamic color-graded gauge appears on the right side of the chart. It visualizes the current volume delta momentum relative to its recent range, offering an at-a-glance sentiment reading.
Integrated Trend Screener: A secondary analysis tool based on logarithmic regression is included to determine the underlying trend direction (Up, Down, or Neutral), which can be used to filter breakout signals.
Fully Customizable: Users can extensively customize all parameters, from calculation lengths and breakout sensitivity to the visual appearance of every component.
3. How to Use
Channel Formation: Watch for the indicator to draw a new channel. This signifies that the market is in a consolidation or ranging phase. The formation of a channel itself can be an alertable event.
Volume Interpretation: Observe the volume bars inside the channel. An increase in volume as the price approaches the channel's upper or lower boundary can foreshadow a potential breakout. Use the Volume Display Mode to analyze if buying pressure (Comparison, Delta) or selling pressure is building.
Breakout Confirmation: A bullish breakout signal (▲) appears when the price closes above the channel's upper boundary. A bearish breakout signal (▼) appears when the price closes below the lower boundary. For higher-quality signals, enable the Strong Closes Only option.
Trend Confirmation (Screener): Use the screener's plot and background color to confirm the broader trend. For instance, you might choose to only take bullish breakout signals when the screener indicates an uptrend (green background) and bearish signals when it indicates a downtrend (red background).
Sentiment Gauge: The pointer on the gauge indicates current momentum. A pointer in the upper (green) section suggests bullish pressure, while a pointer in the lower (red) section suggests bearish pressure. This can provide additional confluence for a trade decision.
4. Settings and Inputs
Main Settings
Overlap Channels: If enabled, allows multiple channels to be drawn on the chart simultaneously, even if they overlap. When disabled, a new channel will only form if it doesn't intersect with an existing one.
Strong Closes Only: If enabled, a breakout is only triggered if the midpoint of the candle's body (average of open and close) is outside the channel. This helps filter out false signals caused by long wicks. If disabled, any close outside the channel triggers a breakout.
Normalization Length: The lookback period (in bars) used for price normalization. A higher value creates a more stable normalization but may be slower to react to recent price changes.
Box Detection Length: The lookback period used to detect the channel formation pattern. A lower value will result in more frequent channels but may be more sensitive to noise. A higher value will result in fewer, but potentially more significant, channels.
Volume Analysis
Show Volume Analysis: Toggles the visibility of the candlestick-like volume bars inside the channel.
Volume Display Mode:
Volume: Displays total volume as symmetrical bars around the channel's midline.
Comparison: Shows buying volume (green) above the midline and selling volume (red) below it.
Delta: Shows the net difference between buying and selling volume. Positive delta is shown above the midline, and negative delta is shown below.
Volume Delta Timeframe Source: The timeframe from which to source volume data for calculations. Using a lower timeframe can provide a more granular view of volume dynamics.
Volume Scaling: A multiplier that adjusts the vertical size of the volume bars relative to the channel's height.
Appearance
Volume Text Size: Sets the size of the volume data text displayed in the corners of the channel. Options: Tiny, Small, Medium, Large.
Bullish Color: The primary color for all bullish visual elements, including breakout signals and positive volume bars.
Bearish Color: The primary color for all bearish visual elements, including breakout signals and negative volume bars.
Screener Settings
Lookback Period: The number of bars used for the logarithmic regression calculation to determine the trend.
Screener Type:
Log Regression Channel: The signal is based on the slope of the entire regression channel over the lookback period. An upward sloping channel is bullish (1), and a downward sloping one is bearish (-1).
Logarithmic Regression: The signal is based on the most recent value of the regression line compared to its value 3 bars ago. This provides a more responsive measure of the immediate trend.
5. Alerts
You can set up the following alerts through the TradingView alerts panel:
New Channel Formed: Triggers when a new price consolidation channel is detected and drawn on the chart.
Bullish Breakout: Triggers when the price breaks out and closes above the upper boundary of a channel.
Bearish Breakout: Triggers when the price breaks out and closes below the lower boundary of a channel.
Is In Channel: Triggers on every bar that the price is currently trading inside an active channel.
Signal UP: Triggers when the Screener's signal turns bullish (1).
Signal DOWN: Triggers when the Screener's signal turns bearish (-1).
Alert N seconds before candle closeThe indicator alerts about the closing of the candle in N seconds.
Instruction:
1. Add an indicator
2. Specify the time in the indicator settings
3. Alt+A, Condition - choose indicator
CyberFX EMA21 Strategy (Pine v5)This is a simple indicator that can be used for a simple strategy. It follows the logic of the price always move back to the media, in that case an EMA(21). This give us an opportunity to achieve a better R/R. One important thing here is this indicator works better on trend markets. When the market is in consolidation mode it will show many signals so we need to pay attention and be patient. This indicator works better in 4H timeframes but it can used with other TFs.
The idea behind is:
for a bullish move when the price moves back to the EMA(21) we check the distance between the low value and the EMA(21) value. The best is when the price low crosses the EMA(21) from above. I am considering a 8 pips distance from the price low to the ema as a signal. Then I will wait for the new candle to move above the EMA(21) for a long entry. I also consider at least 50 pips for SL.
for a bearish move the idea is the same but we consider the price high crossing the EMA(21) and the new candle moving below the EMA.
I hope this can be useful and please leave your comment nad critics(but only the constructive one).
Have a safe trade
Classic RSI/MACD Overlay (Normalized)i tried to put macd and rsi on price chart, i am sure it will help traders in many ways to visualize exactly what is going to happen next moment.
Volatility Monitor [HTF/LTF Maki]The way to set a buying and selling rule base on EMA in Multi Time Frame
Turtle Trading with LayeringCrafted professional write-up for TradingView indicator publication.
Turtle Trading with Layering System
A complete implementation of the famous turtle trading strategy with proper position layering/pyramiding for manual trading.
Features
Core Turtle System:
20-day breakout entries (primary signals)
55-day breakout entries (backup after losses)
10-day reverse breakout exits
ATR-based stop losses and position sizing
Position Layering:
Build positions gradually as trends develop
Add up to 4 units per position
Each unit added every 0.5 ATR in your favor
Single stop loss protects entire position
Hilly's Reversal Scalping Strategy - 5 Min CandlesHow to Use
Copy the Code: Copy the script above.
Paste in TradingView: Open TradingView, go to the Pine Editor (bottom of the chart), paste the code, and click “Add to Chart.”
Set Timeframe: Ensure the chart is set to 5-minute candles (TradingView: right-click chart > Timeframe > 5 Minutes).
Check for Errors: Verify no errors appear in the Pine Editor console.
Apply to Chart: Use a liquid crypto pair (e.g., BTC/USDT, ETH/USDT on Binance or Coinbase).
Verify Signals:
Green “BUY” labels and triangle-up arrows for bullish reversals (e.g., bullish engulfing, hammer, doji, morning star, three white soldiers, double bottom in a downtrend).
Red “SELL” labels and triangle-down arrows for bearish reversals (e.g., bearish engulfing, shooting star, doji, evening star, three black crows, double top in an uptrend).
Green/red background highlights for signal candles.
Backtest: Use TradingView’s Strategy Tester to evaluate performance over 1–3 months, checking Net Profit, Win Rate, and Drawdown.
Demo Test: Run on a demo account to confirm signal visibility and performance before trading with real funds.
Troubleshooting
If Errors Occur: If any errors appear in TradingView’s Pine Editor console (e.g., “Syntax error” or “Invalid argument”), please share the exact error messages to diagnose environment-specific issues.
Signal Overload: If too many signals appear, increase patternLookback to 15 or set volFilter = volume > volMa * 2.0.
Missed Signals: If signals are too rare, set useVolumeFilter=false or reduce patternLookback to 5.
Additional Features: If you need alerts, other indicators (e.g., EMA, RSI), or dynamic arrow sizing, please specify. Note that dynamic sizing caused errors previously, so I’ve kept size=size.normal.
Hilly 3.0 Advanced Crypto Scalping Strategy - 1 & 5 Min ChartsHow to Use
Copy the Code: Copy the script above.
Paste in TradingView: Open TradingView, go to the Pine Editor (bottom of the chart), paste the code, and click “Add to Chart.”
Check for Errors: Verify no errors appear in the Pine Editor console. The script uses Pine Script v5 (@version=5).
Select Timeframe:
1-Minute Chart: Use defaults (emaFastLen=7, emaSlowLen=14, rsiLen=10, rsiOverbought=80, rsiOversold=20, slPerc=0.5, tpPerc=1.0, useCandlePatterns=false, patternLookback=10).
5-Minute Chart: Adjust to emaFastLen=9, emaSlowLen=21, rsiLen=14, rsiOverbought=75, rsiOversold=25, slPerc=0.8, tpPerc=1.5, useCandlePatterns=true, patternLookback=10.
Apply to Chart: Use a liquid crypto pair (e.g., BTC/USDT, ETH/USDT on Binance or Coinbase).
Verify Signals:
Green “BUY” or “EMA BUY” labels and triangle-up arrows below candles for bullish signals (EMA crossovers, bullish engulfing, hammer, doji, morning star, three white soldiers, double bottom).
Red “SELL” or “EMA SELL” labels and triangle-down arrows above candles for bearish signals (EMA crossovers, bearish engulfing, shooting star, doji, evening star, three black crows, double top).
Green/red background highlights for signal candles.
Backtest: Use TradingView’s Strategy Tester to evaluate performance over 1–3 months, checking Net Profit, Win Rate, and Drawdown.
Demo Test: Run on a demo account to confirm signal visibility and performance before trading with real funds.
Thần Tiên / Hạ Phàm (MTF)🔔 Thần Tiên / Hạ Phàm (MTF) Indicator – modified & optimized for real trading practice.
✅ For educational and reference purposes only – not financial advice.
📩 To get the optimized settings & detailed trading strategy, contact me on Telegram: @NDucnhan79
Key Levels: Daily, Weekly, Monthly [BackQuant]Key Levels: Daily, Weekly, Monthly
Map the market’s “memory” in one glance—yesterday’s range, this week’s chosen day high/low, and D/W/M opens—then auto-clean levels once they break.
What it does
This tool plots three families of high-signal reference lines and keeps them tidy as price evolves:
Chosen Day High/Low (per week) — Pick a weekday (e.g., Monday). For each past week, the script records that day’s session high and low and projects them forward for a configurable number of bars. These act like “memory levels” that price often revisits.
Daily / Weekly / Monthly Opens — Plots the opening price of each new day, week, and month with separate styling. These opens frequently behave like magnets/flip lines intraday and anchors for regime on higher timeframes.
Auto-pruning — When price breaks a stored level, the script can automatically remove it to reduce clutter and refocus you on still-active lines. See: (broken levels removed).
Why these levels matter
Liquidity pockets — Prior day’s high/low and the daily open concentrate stops and pending orders. Mapping them quickly reveals likely sweep or fade zones. Example: previous day highs + daily open highlighting liquidity:
Context & regime — Monthly opens frame macro bias; trading above a rising cluster of monthly opens vs. below gives a clean top-down read. Example: monthly-only “macro outlook” view:
Cleaner charts — Auto-remove broken lines so you focus on what still matters right now.
What it plots (at a glance)
Past Chosen Day High/Low for up to N prior weeks (your choice), extended right.
Current Daily Open , Weekly Open , and Monthly Open , each with its own color, label, and forward extension.
Optional short labels (e.g., “Mon High”) or full labels (with week/month info).
How breaks are detected & cleaned
You control both the evidence and the timing of a “break”:
Break uses — Choose Close (more conservative) or Wick (more sensitive).
Inclusive? — If enabled, equality counts (≥ high or ≤ low). If disabled, you need a strict cross.
Allow intraday breaks? — If on, a level can break during the tracked day; if off, the script only counts breaks after the session completes.
Remove Broken Levels — When a break is confirmed, the line/label is deleted automatically. (See the demo: )
Quick start
Pick a Day of Week to Track (e.g., Monday).
Set how many weeks back to show (e.g., 8–10).
Choose how far to extend each family (bars to the right for chosen-day H/L and D/W/M opens).
Decide if a break uses Close or Wick , and whether equality counts.
Toggle Remove Broken Levels to keep the chart clean automatically.
Tips by use-case
Intraday bias — Watch the Daily Open as a magnet/flip. If price gaps above and holds, pullbacks to the daily open often decide direction. Pair with last day’s high/low for sweep→reversal or true breakout cues. See:
Weekly structure — Track the week’s chosen day (e.g., Monday) high/low across prior weeks. If price stalls near a cluster of old “Monday Highs,” look for sweep/reject patterns or continuation on reclaim.
Macro regime — Hide daily/weekly lines and keep only Monthly Opens to read bigger cycles at a glance (BTC/crypto especially). Example:
Customization
Use wicks or bodies for highs/lows (wicks capture extremes; bodies are stricter).
Line style & thickness — solid/dashed/dotted, width 1–5, plus global transparency.
Labels — Abbreviated (“Mon High”, “D Open”) or full (month/week/day info).
Color scheme — Separate colors for highs, lows, and each of D/W/M opens.
Capacity controls — Set how many daily/weekly/monthly opens and how many weeks of chosen-day H/L to keep visible.
What’s under the hood
On your selected weekday, the script records that session’s true high and true low (using wicks or body-based extremes—your choice), then projects a horizontal line forward for the next bars.
At each new day/week/month , it records the opening price and projects that line forward as well.
Each bar, the script checks your “break” rules; once broken, lines/labels are removed if auto-cleaning is on.
Everything updates in real time; past levels don’t repaint after the session finishes.
Recommended presets
Day trading — Weeks back: 6–10; extend D/W opens: 50–100 bars; Break uses: Close ; Inclusive: off; Auto-remove: on.
Swing — Fewer daily opens, more weekly opens (2–6), and 8–12 weeks of chosen-day H/L.
Macro — Show only Monthly Opens (1–6 months), dashed style, thicker lines for clarity.
Reading the examples
Broken lines disappear — decluttering in action:
Macro outlook — monthly opens as cycle rails:
Liquidity map — previous day highs + daily open:
Final note
These are not “signals”—they’re reference points that many participants watch. By standardising how you draw them and automatically clearing the ones that no longer matter, you turn a noisy chart into a focused map: where liquidity likely sits, where price memory lives, and which lines are still in play.
Tape Pressure Proxy — CVD Panel (Oscillators) v1.1 2. Add TV_TapePressure_CVDPanel.pine in a new pane to see CVD, CVD slope, and Imbalance (Z) histogram with thresholds.
3. Set alerts on the overlay script:
• “Bull Tape Pressure” → long scalps
• “Bear Tape Pressure” → short/puts scalps
4. Tune: imbThresh (0.6–1.2 typical), deltaLen (10–30), and volume filter per symbol/timeframe.
Filtro MA10 vs MA50 ±3% con línea + alertaesto va a determinar la comprension y similitud de las ema de 10 y la ema 50, permiendo ver la compresion de la fuerza
This will determine the understanding and similarity of the 10 ema and the 50 ema, allowing us to see the compression of the force
KT_Global Bond Yields by CountryGlobal Bond Yields Indicator Summary
The Global Bond Yields by Country indicator, developed for Trading View (Pine Script v5), provides a comprehensive tool for visualizing and analyzing government bond yields across multiple countries and maturities. Below are its key features:
Features
Country Selection: Choose from 20 countries, including the United States, China, Japan, Germany, United Kingdom, and more, to display their respective bond yields.
Multiple Maturities: Supports 18 bond maturities ranging from 1 month to 40 years, allowing users to analyze short-term to long-term yield trends.
Customizable Display:
Toggle visibility for each maturity (1M, 3M, 6M, 1Y, 2Y, 3Y, 4Y, 5Y, 6Y, 7Y, 8Y, 9Y, 10Y, 15Y, 20Y, 25Y, 30Y, 40Y) individually.
Option to show or hide all maturities with a single toggle for streamlined analysis.
10Y-2Y Yield Spread: Plots the difference between 10-year and 2-year bond yields, a key indicator of yield curve dynamics, with an option to enable/disable.
Zero Line Reference: Displays a dashed grey horizontal line at zero for clear visual reference.
Color-Coded Plots: Each maturity is plotted with a distinct color, ranging from lighter shades (short-term) to darker shades (long-term), for easy differentiation.
Country Label: Displays the selected country's name as a large, prominent label on the chart for quick identification.
Error Handling: Alerts users if an invalid country is selected, ensuring robust operation.
Data Integration: Fetches bond yield data from Trading View's database (e.g., TVC:US10Y) with support for ignoring invalid symbols to prevent errors.
This indicator is ideal for traders and analysts monitoring global fixed-income markets, yield curve shapes, and cross-country comparisons.