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Editors' picks

Adani - A technical perspectiveHi all, hope you are trading well. It’s been a long time since I last posted. Apologies for that. 🙏 With all the buzz floating around Adani and let's see the charts from a technical perspective using supply demand, market structure, and basic S/R. Please note that I am not a fundamental analyst and hence not concerned with the underlying working structure of the company. We are going to see all the Adani companies along with the custom simple weighted chart of the Adani group. - Adani simple weighted index (excluding AWL for more data) - Adani simple weighted index (including AWL) - Adani Enterprises ( NSE:ADANIENT ) - Adani Ports ( NSE:ADANIPORTS ) - Adani Green ( NSE:ADANIGREEN ) - Adani Power ( NSE:ADANIPOWER ) - Adani Transmission ( NSE:ADANITRANS ) - Adani Gas ( NSE:ATGL ) - Adani Wilmar ( NSE:AWL ) Let's get started! 🚨 Adani simple weighted index (excluding AWL) - Plenty of demand zones on the downside - Internal structure has shifted - Structural low is still intact - HTF structure is bullish 🚨 Adani simple weighted index (including AWL) - Less data due to AWL - Structural low is intact - Approaching demand zone - HTF is bullish 🚨 Adani Enterprises - Former daily demand zone should now act as a supply - Weekly demand zone at ~2000-2400 - Reaction from the demand zone will show the intent of long-term buyers 🚨 Adani Ports - Distribution cycle complete - Range low will act as a supply - Tapped into the weekly demand zone - Need to wait for the structure to develop on the daily time frame - Flip zone at 400-430 🚨 Adani Green - Strong supply formed near 1800-2100 - Approaching weekly demand zone - Monthly demand zone at 900-1050 🚨 Adani Power - Sitting in the weekly demand zone but most likely it will breakdown - Previous swing level near 166 can also act as support - Next important demand zone at 110-140 🚨 Adani Transmission - Structural low intact - Tapped into the weekly demand zone - Important flip zone near 1460-1650 🚨 Adani Total Gas - Forming Wyckoff distribution schematic on daily - Most likely it will approach the weekly demand zone soon - Flip zone near 1460-1700 🚨 Adani Wilmar - Hovering near daily demand zone + swing level - Any lower move can trigger a sell-off to the weekly demand zone Thanks for reading. I hope you found this helpful! 😊 Disclaimer: This is NOT investment advice. This post is meant for learning purposes only. Invest your capital at your own risk. Happy learning. Cheers! Rajat Kumar Singh (@johntradingwick) Community Manager (India), TradingView
Editors' picks
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Nifty - Possible long from 17420 and short from 17730-17770NIfty has given breakout on the downside from the consolidation zone and moved towards 17500, took support there and finished the week at 17600. It is highly unlikely that downside is over and that it may open with a gap up scenario even if global cues are positive. A flat open is not tradeable as Nifty might move to upside or downside and no way of knowing what it might do. Scenario 1: - NIfty opens gap up then it can possibly take resistance from 17730-17770 zone and continue its downward movement back to 17500. Highly unlikely to open large gap up tomorrow even if global cues are positive. Scenario 2: - Highlighted circle is the breakout area for NIfty from which it embarked upon a massive rally. Nifty did not go till that particular level and hence there is a chance it might give a false break below the week's low and try to trap retail traders and then take support from 17420-17450 region and then give a huge move. This is possible in case of a gap down scenario and does not mean downside is over because it should fill the gap till 17320 but probably not tomorrow. So a short maybe not initiated below 17493 but if 17400 breaks then for sure it will take support at the gap area of 17310-17340 region. Happy Trading and Best of Luck!! Disclaimer - This is not trade recommendation or advice. This is purely for educational purposes. Do your own research before entering into a trade.
Editors' picks
16
Elliotical approach to Nifty 50 Short.Hello Traders! 1. The previous count wasn't respected by the market. So we had to check for a new count . After re-analysing the Nifty 50 market, we realised that it is the Wave C of the correction that is in progress . 2. We have a major support of 15300 . That's where we expect the market to be soon. An overall fast, impulsive movement. 3. The only unknown factor we have with us is time . The C wave can also end up being an ending diagonal or could just be a simple impulsive movement. Only time will really tell us. All we know for sure is the market should take a deep fall at least till the range of 15300. Do use proper risk management. Happy Trading! Profits, Market's Mechanic.
Editors' picks
15
This aluminium microcap company is ticking all the right boxes!NSE:MAANALU MAAN ALUMINIUM is a fairly established company mainly dealing in the manufacturing of aluminum products. Exclusive dealer of Aluminium ingots and Billets for Hindalco Industries Ltd. for North and South India. They also deal in scrap trading. ROE/ ROCE are good at more than ~20% Promoter holding profile is good with no pledging Debt to equity ratio and interest coverage are good YoY quarterly Revenue, net profit and EBITDA showing impressive growth YoY quarterly EBIDTA and NET margin are also improving On the charts the price broke out strongly out of a base with heavy volumes and is at an all time high Relative strength to the benchmark index is also high Sources: tijori finance, screener.in, tickertape.in Disclaimer: This is for informational purposes only. It is not intended to be a solicitation or an offer to buy or sell any security or instrument or to participate in any particular trading strategy. The views and opinions expressed here are personal. The information contained here has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable but is not necessarily complete, and its accuracy cannot be guaranteed. I may have positions in the securities or instruments shared as ideas. Do your own research OR consult a financial advisor for personalized investment advice.
Editors' picks
Long
2
IS BRITANNIA THE HOTTEST INVESTMENT OF 2023?In the previous idea, we initiated a short position in NSE BRITANNIA to trade wave C of wave (4). Price reached all the given targets. - NSE Britannia – The Last Move of Correction Timeframe: Daily NSE BRITANNIA has accomplished wave C of wave (4) and started rising for an impulsive wave (5). This corrective wave (4) has a 38.2% retracement, one of the most common retracements. According to the Elliott wave principle, the impulsive cycle can only confirm after the breakout of the previous corrective wave. Price has broken out the correction channel, but wave B must break for the 5th wave to form. If the price breaks out wave B at 4407, traders can trade for the following targets: 4456 – 4500 – 4558 +. However, failure will continue its corrective formation and lead to a new low. In case of failure, we will change our position with selling targets.
Editors' picks
Long
7
My Elliotical Approach to EURUSD Short.Hello traders! I came up with this trading idea on January 2 2023 itself and will be attaching the link for the same as well. I was just waiting for the market to give us a better picture. As you can see on the chart, various guidelines point out the yellow zone to be a strong selling point with target levels at Wave 4 end(50% fib). We just have to wait for some price action to develop in the zone and from there on we can go short on EURUSD. Thank you for viewing! Profits, Market's Mechanic.
Editors' picks
5
ULTRACEMCO - Swing Trade + Head & Shoulder patternThe analysis is done on daily TF hence price may take few days to few weeks in order to reach the targets. Trade setup is explained in image itself. The above analysis is purely for educational purpose. Traders must do their own study & follow risk management before entering into any trade Checkout my other ideas to understand how one can earn from stock markets with simple trade setups. Feel Free to comment below this or connect with me for any query or suggestion regarding this stock or Price Action Analysis
Editors' picks
Long
4

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Snaps

February 02February 02

You can't please everyone

Snaps has been on a downward spiral since late 2021, and it’s been doing what it can to turn things around. Unfortunately, its latest report looks like the trend just isn’t ready to be reversed. After all, it’s not an easy thing to do. In crypto world, LBRY’s SEC appeal has its LBC token looking somewhat hopeful. And in currency news, the Swiss franc is making some headway against the dollar. Let’s dive in.

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LBRY lets loose

The SEC has been causing trouble for LBRY for some time now, but the latest development was actually positive.

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Spotify pops off

Spotify’s recent earnings report shows that the streaming platform’s still got it.

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ADANI ENTERPRISESADANIENT
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ITC LTDITC
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HCLTECH SWING TRADE ON BREAKOUTThis Is A Pure Technical Analysis Of hcltech 1)The Stock Has Taken An Amazing Support At Fibonacci Retracement Of 50% In Weekly And Daily Time Frame. 2) It Has Been Forming A Really Convincing Cup And Handle Pattern And Currently Trading Above Breakout Of The Pattern. As We Can See In The 15 Minutes Time Frame Picture (please Check The Numbers Marked On The Picture):- 1) The Stock Has Been Consolidating Above Key Support Zone (acting As Support Zone From August 2021). 2) The Stock Is Forming A Triangle Pattern And This Pattern Has A Win Rate Of Over 70%(as Per Google Research). The Breakout Can Be A Triangle Pattern Breakout And A Range Breakout Hence 2 Confirmations That Bulls Are Strong. 3) The Stock Has Formed A Strong Green Candle(extremely Bullish Candle) And Has Closed In The Upper Part Of The Range Above A Key Level(marked On Chart With Yellow Zone) 4) Let The Stock Take A Hit From Sellers (marked Red Zone) And Then Retrace To Take A Support. We Will Enter At The Breakout Of Most Recent High. ENTRY : 1144 SL : 1100 TARGET 1 : 1200 TARGET 2 : 1350+ Disclosure : I am not SEBI registered.The information provided here is for education purposes only.I will not be responsible for any of your profit/loss with this channel suggestions.Consult your financial advisor before taking any decisions.
1
Gold next move (waiting for FOMC outcome)(01-02-2023)Go through the analysis carefully, and do trade accordingly, 👍-POSSIBILITY-1 If price breaks 1934-1937 area (i.e. support area ) and stay above 1937 area in 4H Time frame candle, we will place Buy order in gold with target of 1942,1949,1956,1965,1988,2000 & stop loss should be placed above 1920. 👍-POSSIBILITY-2 If price breaks 1922-1918 area (i.e. support area ) and stay below 1918 area in 4H Time frame candle, we will place Sell order in gold with target of 1911,1904,1898,1888,1878,1830 & stop loss should be placed at 1936. Our trading Preference: Trading tips: (Accuracy 90%) Buygold now @1922 TP1 @1929 TP2 @1937 TP3 @1942 TP4 @1955, TP5 @ 1965,1988,2000 Stop loss @1898 Best of luck👍👍👍👍 Never risk 2% of principal to follow any position. Support us by liking and sharing the post 💗💗💗
Long
2

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Pine scripts

Smart Money Concepts [LuxAlgo]This all-in-one indicator displays real-time market structure (internal & swing BOS / CHoCH), order blocks, premium & discount zones, equal highs & lows, and much more...allowing traders to automatically mark up their charts with widely used price action methodologies. Following the release of our Fair Value Gap script, we received numerous requests from our community to release more features in the same category. "Smart Money Concepts" (SMC) is a fairly new yet widely used term amongst price action traders looking to more accurately navigate liquidity & find more optimal points of interest in the market. Trying to determine where institutional market participants have orders placed (buy or sell side liquidity) can be a very reasonable approach to finding more practical entries & exits based on price action. The indicator includes alerts for the presence of swing structures and many other relevant conditions. Features This indicator includes many features relevant to SMC, these are highlighted below: Full internal & swing market structure labeling in real-time Break of Structure (BOS) Change of Character (CHoCH) Order Blocks (bullish & bearish) Equal Highs & Lows Fair Value Gap Detection Previous Highs & Lows Premium & Discount Zones as a range Options to style the indicator to more easily display these concepts Settings Mode: Allows the user to select Historical (default) or Present, which displays only recent data on the chart. Style: Allows the user to select different styling for the entire indicator between Colored (default) and Monochrome. Color Candles: Plots candles based on the internal & swing structures from within the indicator on the chart. Internal Structure: Displays the internal structure labels & dashed lines to represent them. (BOS & CHoCH). Confluence Filter: Filter non-significant internal structure breakouts. Swing Structure: Displays the swing structure labels & solid lines on the chart (larger BOS & CHoCH labels). Swing Points: Displays swing points labels on chart such as HH, HL, LH, LL. Internal Order Blocks: Enables Internal Order Blocks & allows the user to select how many most recent Internal Order Blocks appear on the chart. Swing Order Blocks: Enables Swing Order Blocks & allows the user to select how many most recent Swing Order Blocks appear on the chart. Equal Highs & Lows: Displays EQH/EQL labels on chart for detecting equal highs & lows. Bars Confirmation: Allows the user to select how many bars are needed to confirm an EQH/EQL symbol on chart. Fair Value Gaps: Displays boxes to highlight imbalance areas on the chart. Auto Threshold: Filter out non-significant fair value gaps. Timeframe: Allows the user to select the timeframe for the Fair Value Gap detection. Extend FVG: Allows the user to choose how many bars to extend the Fair Value Gap boxes on the chart. Highs & Lows MTF: Allows the user to display previous highs & lows from daily, weekly, & monthly timeframes as significant levels. Premium/Discount Zones: Allows the user to display Premium, Discount, and Equilibrium zones on the chart Usage Users can see automatic CHoCH and BOS labels to highlight breakouts of market structure, which allows to determine the market trend. In the chart below we can see the internal structure which displays more frequent labels within larger structures. We can also see equal highs & lows (EQH/EQL) labels plotted alongside the internal structure to frequently give indications of potential reversals. In the chart below we can see the swing market structure labels. These are also labeled as BOS and CHoCH but with a solid line & larger text to show larger market structure breakouts & trend reversals. Users can be mindful of these larger structure labels while trading internal structures as displayed in the previous chart. Order blocks highlight areas where institutional market participants open positions, one can use order blocks to determine confirmation entries or potential targets as we can expect there is a large amount of liquidity at these order blocks. In the chart below we can see 2 potential trade setups with confirmation entries. The path outlined in red would be a potential short entry targeting the blue order block below, and the path outlined in green would be a potential long entry, targeting the red order blocks above. As we can see in the chart below, the bullish confirmation entry played out in this scenario with the green path outlined in hindsight. As price breaks though the order blocks above, the indicator will consider them mitigated causing them to disappear, and as per the logic of these order blocks they will always display 5 (by default) on the chart so we can now see more actionable levels. The Smart Money Concepts indicator has many other features and here we can see how they can also help a user find potential levels for price action trading. In the screenshot below we can see a trade setup using the Previous Monthly High, Strong High, and a Swing Order Block as a stop loss. Accompanied by the Premium from the Discount/Premium zones feature being used as a potential entry. A potential take profit level for this trade setup that a user could easily identify would be the 50% mark labeled with the Fair Value Gap & the Equilibrium all displayed automatically by the indicator. Conclusion This indicator highlights all relevant components of Smart Money Concepts which can be a very useful interpretation of market structure, liquidity, & more simply put, price action. The term was coined & popularized primarily within the forex community & by ICT while making its way to become a part of many traders' analysis. These concepts, with or without this indicator do not guarantee a trader to be trading within the presence of institutional or "bank-level" liquidity, there is no supporting data regarding the validity of these teachings.
Pine Script™ indicator
420
CVD - Cumulative Volume Delta (Chart)█   OVERVIEW This indicator displays cumulative ​volume delta (​CVD) as an on-chart oscillator. It uses intrabar analysis to obtain more precise ​volume delta information compared to methods that only use the chart's timeframe. The core concepts in this script come from our first ​ CVD indicator , which displays CVD​ values as plot candles in a separate indicator pane. In this script, CV​D values are scaled according to price ranges and represented on the main chart pane. █   CONCEPTS Bar polarity Bar polarity refers to the position of the close price relative to the open price. In other words, bar polarity is the direction of price change. Intrabars Intrabars are chart bars at a lower timeframe than the chart's. Each 1H chart bar of a 24x7 market will, for example, usually contain 60 bars at the lower timeframe of 1min, provided there was market activity during each minute of the hour. Mining information from intrabars can be useful in that it offers traders visibility on the activity inside a chart bar. Lower timeframes (LTFs) A lower timeframe is a timeframe that is smaller than the chart's timeframe. This script utilizes a LTF to analyze intrabars, or price changes within a chart bar. The lower the ​LTF, the more intrabars are analyzed, but the less chart bars can display information due to the limited number of intrabars that can be analyzed. Volume delta Volume delta is a measure that separates ​volume​ into "up" and "down" parts, then takes the difference to estimate the net demand for the asset. This approach gives traders a more detailed insight when analyzing volume​ and market sentiment. There are several methods for determining whether an asset's volume​ belongs in the "up" or "down" category. Some indicators, such as On Balance Volume​ and the Klinger Oscillator , use the change in price between bars to assign ​volume​ values to the appropriate category. Others, such as Chaikin Money Flow , make assumptions based on open, high, low, and close prices. The most accurate method involves using tick data to determine whether each transaction occurred at the bid or ask price and assigning the ​volume​ value to the appropriate category accordingly. However, this method requires a large amount of data on historical bars, which can limit the historical depth of charts and the number of symbols for which tick data is available. In the context where historical tick data is not yet available on TradingView, intrabar analysis is the most precise technique to calculate ​volume delta on historical bars on our charts. This indicator uses intrabar analysis to achieve a compromise between simplicity and accuracy in calculating ​volume delta on historical bars. Our Volume Profile indicators use it as well. Other ​volume delta indicators in our Community Scripts , such as the Realtime 5D Profile , use real-time chart updates to achieve more precise ​volume delta calculations. However, these indicators aren't suitable for analyzing historical bars since they only work for real-time analysis. This is the logic we use to assign intrabar ​volume to the "up" or "down" category:  • If the intrabar's open and close values are different, their relative position is used.  • If the intrabar's open and close values are the same, the difference between the intrabar's close and the previous intrabar's close is used.  • As a last resort, when there is no movement during an intrabar and it closes at the same price as the previous intrabar, the last known polarity is used. Once all intrabars comprising a chart bar are analyzed, we calculate the net difference between "up" and "down" intrabar volume​ to produce the volume​ delta for the chart bar. █   FEATURES CVD resets The "cumulative" part of the indicator's name stems from the fact that calculations accumulate during a period of time. By periodically resetting the volume​ delta accumulation, we can analyze the progression of ​volume delta across manageable chunks, which is often more useful than looking at ​volume delta accumulated from the beginning of a chart's history. You can configure the reset period using the "CVD Resets" input, which offers the following selections:  • None : Calculations do not reset.  • On a fixed higher timeframe : Calculations reset on the higher timeframe you select in the "Fixed higher timeframe" field.  • At a fixed time that you specify.  • At the beginning of the regular session .  • On trend changes : Calculations reset on the direction change of either the Aroon indicator, Parabolic SAR , or Supertrend .  • On a stepped higher timeframe : Calculations reset on a higher timeframe automatically stepped using the chart's timeframe and following these rules: Chart TF ​HTF < 1min 1H < 3H 1D <= 12H 1W < 1W 1M >= 1W 1Y Specifying intrabar precision Ten options are included in the script to control the number of intrabars used per chart bar for calculations. The greater the number of intrabars per chart bar, the fewer chart bars can be analyzed. The first five options allow users to specify the approximate amount of chart bars to be covered:  • Least Precise (Most chart bars) : Covers all chart bars by dividing the current timeframe by four.   This ensures the highest level of intrabar precision while achieving complete coverage for the dataset.  • Less Precise (Some chart bars) & More Precise (Less chart bars) : These options calculate a stepped ​LTF in relation to the current chart's timeframe.  • Very precise (2min intrabars) : Uses the second highest quantity of intrabars possible with the 2min ​LTF.  • Most precise (1min intrabars) : Uses the maximum quantity of intrabars possible with the 1min ​LTF. The stepped lower timeframe for "Less Precise" and "More Precise" options is calculated from the current chart's timeframe as follows: Chart Timeframe Lower Timeframe Less Precise More Precise < 1hr 1min 1min < 1D 15min 1min < 1W ​2hr​ 30min > 1W 1D 60min The last five options allow users to specify an approximate fixed number of intrabars to analyze per chart bar. The available choices are 12, 24, 50, 100, and 250. The script will calculate the LTF​ which most closely approximates the specified number of intrabars per chart bar. Keep in mind that due to factors such as the length of a ticker's sessions and rounding of the LTF​, it is not always possible to produce the exact number specified. However, the script will do its best to get as close to the value as possible. As there is a limit to the number of intrabars that can be analyzed by a script, a tradeoff occurs between the number of intrabars analyzed per chart bar and the chart bars for which calculations are possible. Display This script displays raw or cumulative volume​ delta values on the chart as either line or histogram oscillator zones scaled according to the price chart, allowing traders to visualize volume​ activity on each bar or cumulatively over time. The indicator's background shows where CVD​ resets occur, demarcating the beginning of new zones. The vertical axis of each oscillator zone is scaled relative to the one with the highest price range, and the oscillator values are scaled relative to the highest volume​ delta. A vertical offset is applied to each oscillator zone so that the highest oscillator value aligns with the lowest price. This method ensures an accurate, intuitive visual comparison of volume​ activity within zones, as the scale is consistent across the chart, and oscillator values sit below prices. The vertical scale of oscillator zones can be adjusted using the "Zone Height" input in the script settings. This script displays labels at the highest and lowest oscillator values in each zone, which can be enabled using the "Hi/Lo Labels" input in the "Visuals" section of the script settings. Additionally, the oscillator's value on a chart bar is displayed as a tooltip when a user hovers over the bar, which can be enabled using the "Value Tooltips" input. Divergences occur when the polarity of ​volume delta does not match that of the chart bar. The script displays divergences as bar colors and background colors that can be enabled using the "Color bars on divergences" and "Color background on divergences" inputs. An information box in the lower-left corner of the indicator displays the HTF used for resets, the ​LTF used for intrabars, the average quantity of intrabars per chart bar, and the number of chart bars for which there is LTF data. This is enabled using the "Show information box" input in the "Visuals" section of the script settings. FOR Pine Script™ CODERS  • This script utilizes `ltf()` and `ltfStats()` from the lower_tf library.   The `ltf()` function determines the appropriate lower timeframe from the selected calculation mode and chart timeframe, and returns it in a format that can be used with request.security_lower_tf() .   The `ltfStats()` function, on the other hand, is used to compute and display statistical information about the lower timeframe in an information box.  • The script utilizes display.data_window and display.status_line to restrict the display of certain plots.   These new built-ins allow coders to fine-tune where a script’s plot values are displayed.  • The newly added session.isfirstbar_regular built-in allows for resetting the ​CVD segments at the start of the regular session.  • The VisibleChart library developed by our resident PineCoders team leverages the chart.left_visible_bar_time and chart.right_visible_bar_time variables to optimize the performance of this script.   These variables identify the opening time of the leftmost and rightmost visible bars on the chart, allowing the script to recalculate and draw objects only within the range of visible bars as the user scrolls.   This functionality also enables the scaling of the oscillator zones.   These variables are just a couple of the many new built-ins available in the chart.* namespace.   For more information, check out this blog post or look them up by typing "chart." in the Pine Script™ Reference Manual .  • Our ta library has undergone significant updates recently, including the incorporation of the `aroon()` indicator used as a method for resetting ​CVD segments within this script.   Revisit the library to see more of the newly added content! Look first. Then leap.
Editors' picks
Pine Script™ indicator
16
Harmonic Patterns Based Trend FollowerEarlier this week, published an idea on how harmonic patterns can be used for trend following. This script is an attempt to implement the same. 🎲 Process 🎯 Derive Zigzag and scan harmonic patterns for last 5 confirmed pivots 🎯 If a pattern is found, highest point of pattern will become the bullish zone and lower point of the pattern will become bearish zone. 🎯 Since it is trend following method, when price reaches bullish zone, then the trend is considered as bullish and when price reaches bearish zone, the trend is considered as bearish. 🎯 If price does not touch both regions, then trend remains unchanged. 🎯 Bullish and bearish zone will change as and when new patterns are formed. 🎲 Note Patterns are not created on latest pivot as last pivot will be unconfirmed and moving. Due to this, patterns appear after certain delay - patterns will not be real time. But, this is expected and does not impact the overall process. When new pattern formed When price breaks over the zones 🎲 Output 🎯 Patterns formed are drawn in blue coloured lines. Due to pine limitation of max 500 lines, older patterns automatically get deleted when new ones come. 🎯 Bullish Zone and Bearish Zone are plotted in green and red colours and the zone will change whenever new pattern comes along. 🎯 Bar colors are changed according to calculated trend. Trend value can be 1 or -1 based on the current trend. You can also find the value in data window. 🎯 For simplicity purpose, input option for selection of specific patterns are not provided and also pattern names are not displayed on the chart.
Editors' picks
Pine Script™ indicator
32
Machine Learning: Lorentzian Classification█ OVERVIEW A Lorentzian Distance Classifier (LDC) is a Machine Learning classification algorithm capable of categorizing historical data from a multi-dimensional feature space. This indicator demonstrates how Lorentzian Classification can also be used to predict the direction of future price movements when used as the distance metric for a novel implementation of an Approximate Nearest Neighbors (ANN) algorithm. █ BACKGROUND In physics, Lorentzian space is perhaps best known for its role in describing the curvature of space-time in Einstein's theory of General Relativity (2). Interestingly, however, this abstract concept from theoretical physics also has tangible real-world applications in trading. Recently, it was hypothesized that Lorentzian space was also well-suited for analyzing time-series data (4), (5). This hypothesis has been supported by several empirical studies that demonstrate that Lorentzian distance is more robust to outliers and noise than the more commonly used Euclidean distance (1), (3), (6). Furthermore, Lorentzian distance was also shown to outperform dozens of other highly regarded distance metrics, including Manhattan distance, Bhattacharyya similarity, and Cosine similarity (1), (3). Outside of Dynamic Time Warping based approaches, which are unfortunately too computationally intensive for PineScript at this time, the Lorentzian Distance metric consistently scores the highest mean accuracy over a wide variety of time series data sets (1). Euclidean distance is commonly used as the default distance metric for NN-based search algorithms, but it may not always be the best choice when dealing with financial market data. This is because financial market data can be significantly impacted by proximity to major world events such as FOMC Meetings and Black Swan events. This event-based distortion of market data can be framed as similar to the gravitational warping caused by a massive object on the space-time continuum. For financial markets, the analogous continuum that experiences warping can be referred to as "price-time". Below is a side-by-side comparison of how neighborhoods of similar historical points appear in three-dimensional Euclidean Space and Lorentzian Space: This figure demonstrates how Lorentzian space can better accommodate the warping of price-time since the Lorentzian distance function compresses the Euclidean neighborhood in such a way that the new neighborhood distribution in Lorentzian space tends to cluster around each of the major feature axes in addition to the origin itself. This means that, even though some nearest neighbors will be the same regardless of the distance metric used, Lorentzian space will also allow for the consideration of historical points that would otherwise never be considered with a Euclidean distance metric. Intuitively, the advantage inherent in the Lorentzian distance metric makes sense. For example, it is logical that the price action that occurs in the hours after Chairman Powell finishes delivering a speech would resemble at least some of the previous times when he finished delivering a speech. This may be true regardless of other factors, such as whether or not the market was overbought or oversold at the time or if the macro conditions were more bullish or bearish overall. These historical reference points are extremely valuable for predictive models, yet the Euclidean distance metric would miss these neighbors entirely, often in favor of irrelevant data points from the day before the event. By using Lorentzian distance as a metric, the ML model is instead able to consider the warping of price-time caused by the event and, ultimately, transcend the temporal bias imposed on it by the time series. For more information on the implementation details of the Approximate Nearest Neighbors (ANN) algorithm used in this indicator, please refer to the detailed comments in the source code. █ HOW TO USE Below is an explanatory breakdown of the different parts of this indicator as it appears in the interface: Below is an explanation of the different settings for this indicator: General Settings: Source - This has a default value of "hlc3" and is used to control the input data source. Neighbors Count - This has a default value of 8, a minimum value of 1, a maximum value of 100, and a step of 1. It is used to control the number of neighbors to consider. Max Bars Back - This has a default value of 2000. Feature Count - This has a default value of 5, a minimum value of 2, and a maximum value of 5. It controls the number of features to use for ML predictions. Color Compression - This has a default value of 1, a minimum value of 1, and a maximum value of 10. It is used to control the compression factor for adjusting the intensity of the color scale. Show Exits - This has a default value of false. It controls whether to show the exit threshold on the chart. Use Dynamic Exits - This has a default value of false. It is used to control whether to attempt to let profits ride by dynamically adjusting the exit threshold based on kernel regression. Feature Engineering Settings: Note: The Feature Engineering section is for fine-tuning the features used for ML predictions. The default values are optimized for the 4H to 12H timeframes for most charts, but they should also work reasonably well for other timeframes. By default, the model can support features that accept two parameters (Parameter A and Parameter B, respectively). Even though there are only 4 features provided by default, the same feature with different settings counts as two separate features. If the feature only accepts one parameter, then the second parameter will default to EMA-based smoothing with a default value of 1. These features represent the most effective combination I have encountered in my testing, but additional features may be added as additional options in the future. Feature 1 - This has a default value of "RSI" and options are: "RSI", "WT", "CCI", "ADX". Feature 2 - This has a default value of "WT" and options are: "RSI", "WT", "CCI", "ADX". Feature 3 - This has a default value of "CCI" and options are: "RSI", "WT", "CCI", "ADX". Feature 4 - This has a default value of "ADX" and options are: "RSI", "WT", "CCI", "ADX". Feature 5 - This has a default value of "RSI" and options are: "RSI", "WT", "CCI", "ADX". Filters Settings: Use Volatility Filter - This has a default value of true. It is used to control whether to use the volatility filter. Use Regime Filter - This has a default value of true. It is used to control whether to use the trend detection filter. Use ADX Filter - This has a default value of false. It is used to control whether to use the ADX filter. Regime Threshold - This has a default value of -0.1, a minimum value of -10, a maximum value of 10, and a step of 0.1. It is used to control the Regime Detection filter for detecting Trending/Ranging markets. ADX Threshold - This has a default value of 20, a minimum value of 0, a maximum value of 100, and a step of 1. It is used to control the threshold for detecting Trending/Ranging markets. Kernel Regression Settings: Trade with Kernel - This has a default value of true. It is used to control whether to trade with the kernel. Show Kernel Estimate - This has a default value of true. It is used to control whether to show the kernel estimate. Lookback Window - This has a default value of 8 and a minimum value of 3. It is used to control the number of bars used for the estimation. Recommended range: 3-50 Relative Weighting - This has a default value of 8 and a step size of 0.25. It is used to control the relative weighting of time frames. Recommended range: 0.25-25 Start Regression at Bar - This has a default value of 25. It is used to control the bar index on which to start regression. Recommended range: 0-25 Display Settings: Show Bar Colors - This has a default value of true. It is used to control whether to show the bar colors. Show Bar Prediction Values - This has a default value of true. It controls whether to show the ML model's evaluation of each bar as an integer. Use ATR Offset - This has a default value of false. It controls whether to use the ATR offset instead of the bar prediction offset. Bar Prediction Offset - This has a default value of 0 and a minimum value of 0. It is used to control the offset of the bar predictions as a percentage from the bar high or close. Backtesting Settings: Show Backtest Results - This has a default value of true. It is used to control whether to display the win rate of the given configuration. █ WORKS CITED (1) R. Giusti and G. E. A. P. A. Batista, "An Empirical Comparison of Dissimilarity Measures for Time Series Classification," 2013 Brazilian Conference on Intelligent Systems, Oct. 2013, DOI: 10.1109/bracis.2013.22. (2) Y. Kerimbekov, H. Ş. Bilge, and H. H. Uğurlu, "The use of Lorentzian distance metric in classification problems," Pattern Recognition Letters, vol. 84, 170–176, Dec. 2016, DOI: 10.1016/j.patrec.2016.09.006. (3) A. Bagnall, A. Bostrom, J. Large, and J. Lines, "The Great Time Series Classification Bake Off: An Experimental Evaluation of Recently Proposed Algorithms." ResearchGate, Feb. 04, 2016. (4) H. Ş. Bilge, Yerzhan Kerimbekov, and Hasan Hüseyin Uğurlu, "A new classification method by using Lorentzian distance metric," ResearchGate, Sep. 02, 2015. (5) Y. Kerimbekov and H. Şakir Bilge, "Lorentzian Distance Classifier for Multiple Features," Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods, 2017, DOI: 10.5220/0006197004930501. (6) V. Surya Prasath et al., "Effects of Distance Measure Choice on KNN Classifier Performance - A Review." . █ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS @veryfid - For many invaluable insights, discussions, and advice that helped to shape this project. @capissimo - For open sourcing his interesting ideas regarding various KNN implementations in PineScript, several of which helped inspire my original undertaking of this project. @RikkiTavi - For many invaluable physics-related conversations and for his helping me develop a mechanism for visualizing various distance algorithms in 3D using JavaScript @jlaurel - For invaluable literature recommendations that helped me to understand the underlying subject matter of this project. @annutara - For help in beta-testing this indicator and for sharing many helpful ideas and insights early on in its development. @jasontaylor7 - For helping to beta-test this indicator and for many helpful conversations that helped to shape my backtesting workflow @meddymarkusvanhala - For helping to beta-test this indicator @dlbnext - For incredibly detailed backtesting testing of this indicator and for sharing numerous ideas on how the user experience could be improved.
Editors' picks
Pine Script™ indicator
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Hurst Diamond Notation PivotsThis is a fairly simple indicator for diamond notation of past hi/lo pivot points, a common method in Hurst analysis. The diamonds mark the troughs/peaks of each cycle. They are offset by their lookback and thus will not 'paint' until after they happen so anticipate accordingly. Practically, traders can use the average length of past pivot periods to forecast future pivot periods in time🔮. For example, if the average/dominant number of bars in an 80-bar pivot point period/cycle is 76, then a trader might forecast that the next pivot could occur 76-ish bars after the last confirmed pivot. The numbers/labels on the y-axis display the cycle length used for pivot detection. This indicator doesn't repaint, but it has a lot of lag; Please use it for forecasting instead of entry signals. This indicator scans for new pivots in the form of a rainbow line and circle; once the hi/lo has happened and the lookback has passed then the pivot will be plotted. The rainbow color per wavelength theme seems to be authentic to Hurst (or modern Hurst software) and has been included as a default.
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Pine Script™ indicator
29
Fair value bands (Dynamic risk levels, fair value metrics)— Overview Fair value bands, like other band tools, depict dynamic points in price where price behaviour is normal or abnormal, i.e. trading at/around mean (price at fair value) or deviating from mean (price outside fair value). Unlike constantly readjusting standard deviation based bands, fair value bands are designed to be smooth and constant, based on typical historical deviations. The script calculates pivots that take place above/below fair value basis and forms median deviation bands based on this information. These points are then multiplied up to 3, representing more extreme deviations. By default, the script uses OHLC4 and SMA 20 as basis for the bands. Users can form their preferred fair value basis using following options: Price source - Standard OHLC values - HL2 (High + low / 2) - OHLC4 (Open + high + low + close / 4) - HLC3 (High + low + close / 3) - HLCC4 (High + low + close + close / 4) Smoothing - SMA - EMA - HMA - RMA - WMA - VWMA - Median Once fair value basis is established, some additional customization options can be employed: Trend mode Direction based Cross based Trend modes affect fair value basis color that indicates trend direction. Direction based trend considers only the direction of the defined fair value basis, i.e. pointing up is considered an uptrend, vice versa for downtrend. Cross based trends activate when selected source (same options as price source) crosses fair value basis. These sources can be set individually for uptrend/downtrend cross conditions. By default, the script uses cross based trend mode with low and high as sources. Cross based (downtrend not triggered) vs. direction based (downtrend triggered): Threshold band Threshold band is calculated using typical deviations when price is trading at fair value basis. In other words, a little bit of "wiggle room" is added around the mean based on expected deviation. This feature is useful for cross based trends, as it allows filtering insignificant crosses that are more likely just noise. By default, threshold band is calculated based on 1x median deviation from mean. Users can increase/decrease threshold band width via input menu for more/less noise filtering, e.g. 2x threshold band width would require price to cross wiggle room that is 2x wider than typical, 0x erases threshold band altogether. Deviation bands Width of deviation bands by default is based on 1x median deviations and can be increased/decreased in a similar manner to threshold bands. Each combination of customization options produces varying behaviour in the bands. To measure the behaviour and finding fairest representation of fair and unfair value, some data is gathered. — Fair value metrics Space between each band is considered a lot, named +3, +2, +1, -1, -2, -3. For each lot, time spent and volume relative to volume moving average (SMA 20) is recorded each time price is trading in a given lot: Depending on the asset, timeframe and chosen fair value basis, shape of the distributions vary. However, practically always time is distributed in a normal bell curve shape, being highest at lots +1 to -1, gradually decreasing the further price is from the mean. This is hardly surprising, but it allows accurately determining dynamic areas of normal and abnormal price behaviour (i.e. low risk area between +1 and -1, high risk area between +-2 to +-3). Volume on the other hand is typically distributed the other way around, being lowest at lots +1 to -1 and highest at +-2 to +-3. When time and volume are distributed like so, we can conclude that 1) price being outside fair value is a rare event and 2) the more price is outside fair value, the more anomaly behaviour in volume we tend to find. Viewing metric calculations Metric calculation highlights can be enabled from the input menu, resulting in a lot based coloring and visibility of each lot counter (time, cumulative relative volume and average relative volume) in data window: — Alerts Available alerts are the following: Individual - High crossing deviation band (bands +1 to +3 ) - Low crossing deviation band (bands -1 to -3 ) - Low at threshold band in an uptrend - High at threshold band in a downtrend - New uptrend - New downtrend Grouped - New uptrend or downtrend - Deviation band cross (+1 or -1) - Deviation band cross (+2 or -2) - Deviation band cross (+3 or -3) — Practical guide Example #1 : Risk on/risk off trend following Ideal trend stays inside fair value and provides sufficient cool offs between the moves. When this is the case, fair value bands can be used for sensible entry/exit levels within the trend. Example #2 : Mean reversions When price shows exuberance into an extreme deviation, followed by a stall and signs of exhaustion (wicks), an opportunity for mean reversion emerges. The higher the deviation, the more volatility in the move, the more signalling of exhaustion, the better. Example #3 : Tweaking bands for desired behaviour The faster the length of fair value basis, the more momentum price needs to hit extreme deviation levels, as bands too are moving faster alongside price. Decreasing fair value basis length typically leads to more quick and aggressive deviations and less steady trends outside fair value.
Editors' picks
Pine Script™ indicator
13
RedK K-MACD : a MACD with some more musclesMoving Averages are probably the most commonly used analysis tools, and MACD is possibly the first charting indicator a trader gets to learn about. MACD Basic concept ---------------------------- Without repeating all the tons of documentation about what MACD does, let's quickly re-visit the MACD concept from a 10-mile altitude (note we're keen on simplifying here rather than being technically accurate - so please forgive the use of any "common lingos") - MACD goal is to represent the distance between 2 Moving Averages (MAs) - one fast and one slow, relatively - as an unrestricted zero-based oscillator. - The value of the main MACD line is the distance, or the displacement between the 2 MA's - usually a signal line is used (which is another MA of that distance value) to enable better visualization of the change (and rate of change, since this is all depicted on a time axis) of that displacement - this represents price momentum (price movement in the recent period versus movements for a relatively longer period). - the difference between the main MACD line and its signal is then represented as a histogram above and below the zero line. in this case, that histogram is really redundant, since it shows a value that is already represented visually by the main line and its signal line. How K-MACD is different --------------------------------- K-MACD takes that simple concept of the classic MACD and expands around it - the idea is to use the same simple approach to representing price momentum while bringing in more insight to price moves in the short, medium and long terms, ability to represent more than 2 MA's and to enable better identification of tradeable patterns (like Volatility Contraction and others) - while still keeping things simple and visually clean. K-MACD is an indicator that allows us to view how price moves against 3 moving averages: a fast / slow pair, and a "market" Filter or Baseline (very long) that will be used as a flag for Bear/Bull market mode. Many traders and trading literature use the 200 day (40 week) SMA as that key filter so in total, there are 4 MA lines in K-MACD (excluding the "orange" signal line): * Price Proxy: Which is a very fast moving average that will represent the price itself - let's use a WMA(3) or something close to that here - there will be a signal line to enable better visualization of this similar to a classic MACD - that's the orange line * Fast & Slow MA's : Use whatever represents the "medium term" momentum for your trading - Some traders use 20 and 50, others use 10 and 20 .. if on your price chart, you keep using a pair of MA's for this, use the same settings in K-MACD - these will be represented by the 3-color Momentum Bars that fluctuate above and below the baseline * Filter/Baseline MA: Should be your long (Bullish/Bearish Mode) MA. so 100 or 200 or any other value you consider your market to be bearish below and bullish above. on K-MACD this is actually the blue zero line - everything else is "relative" to it Review the sample chart which explains various elements and the "price chart" setup that K-MACD represents. With K-MACD you can clean up your chart from those various Moving Averages - or use a different set than the ones you already have K-MACD represent - or other indicators (like ATR channels..etc) Other "muscles" in the K-MACD --------------------------------------------- - Relative vs Classic Calculation Mode A key issue with the classic MACD is that the displacement between the 2 moving averages is represented as "absolute or direct" values - as the price of the underlying increases with time, you can't really use these values to make useful comparison between the past and now (see below example) - also you can't use them to compare 2 different instruments. - The "Relative" calculation option in K-MACD addresses that issue by relating all "distances" to the Baseline MA as percentage (above or below) - you can see this clear when you look at the above chart the far left versus the far right and compare K-MACD with the classic MACD - the Classic option is still available - More MA "type" options for all MA lines: choose between SMA, EMA, WMA, and RSS_WMA (which i use a lot in my trading and is my default for the Price Proxy) - More Alerts: a total or 9 alerts (in 3 groups) are available with K-MACD (Momentum above or below baseline, Price Proxy crossing signal line, and Price Proxy crossing baseline) - New 52 week High / Low markers: These will show as Green/red circles on the zero line in K-MACD. this will only work for 1D timeframe and above, i'm just using a simple approach and would like to keep it that way. - i know i added some more features not covered above :) -- if you have questions about any of the settings, feel free to ask below Closing thoughts ------------------------- K-MACD is a combination of couple of indicators i published in the past (xMACD and Mo_Bars) - so you can go back and read about them if needed - I then added improvements to accommodate ideas from swing trading literature and common practices that i plan to focus on in future. So K-MACD is really part of my own trading setup. I assume here that most traders are familiar with what a MACD is - so kept this post short - if you thing we should expand more about the concepts covered here let me know in the comments - i can make some separate posts with examples and more details. I hope many fellow traders find this work useful - and feel free let me know in comments below if you do.
Pine Script™ indicator
12
[@btc_charlie] Trader XO Macro Trend ScannerWhat is this script? This script has two main functions focusing on EMAs (Exponential Moving Average) and Stochastic RSI. EMAs EMAs are typically used to give a view of bullish / bearish momentum. When the shorter EMA (calculated off more recent price action) crosses, or is above, the slower moving EMA (calculated off a longer period of price action), it suggests that the market is in an uptrend. This can be an indication to either go long on said asset, or that it is more preferable to take long setups over short setups. Invalidation on long setups is usually found via price action (e.g. previous lows) or simply waiting for an EMA cross in the opposite direction (i.e. shorter EMA crosses under longer term EMA). This is not a perfect system for trade entry or exit, but it does give a good indication of market trends. The settings for the EMAs can be changed based on user inputs, and by default the candles are coloured based on the crosses to make it more visual. The default settings are based on “Trader XO’s” settings who is an exceptional swing trader. RSI Stochastic RSI is a separate indicator that has been added to this script. RSI measures Relative Strength (RSI = Relative Strength Index). When RSI is <20 it is considered oversold, and when >80 it is overbought. These conditions suggests that momentum is very strong in the direction of the trend. If there is a divergence between the price (e.g. price is creating higher highs, and stoch RSI is creating lower highs) it suggests the strength of the trend is weakening. Whilst this script does not highlight divergences, what it does highlight is when the shorter term RSI (K) crosses over D (the average of last 3 periods). This can give an indication that the trend is losing strength. Combination The EMAs indicate when trend shifts (bullish or bearish). The RSI indicates when the trend is losing momentum. The combination of the two can be used to suggest when to prefer a directional bias, and subsequently shift in anticipation of a trend reversal. Note that no signal is 100% accurate and an interpretation of market conditions and price action will need to be overlayed to Why is it different to others? I have not found other scripts that are available in this way visually including alerts when Stoch RSI crosses over/under the extremes; or the mid points. Whilst these indicators are default, the combination of them and how they are presented is not and makes use of the TradingView colouring functionalities. What are the features? Customise the variables (averages) used in the script. Display as one EMA or two EMAs (the crossing ones). Alerts on EMA crosses. Alerts on Stoch RSI crosses - slow/fast, upper, lower areas. - Currently set on the chart to show alerts when Stoch RSI is above 80, then falls below 80 (and colours it red). Customisable colours. What are the best conditions for this? It is designed for high timeframe charts and analysis in crypto, since crypto tends to trend. It can however be used for lower timeframes. Disclaimer/Notes: I have noticed several videos appearing suggesting that this is a "100% win rate indicator" . NO indicator has 100% win rate. An indicator is an *indicator* that is all. Please use responsibly and let me know if there are any mods or updates you would like to see.
Pine Script™ indicator
6
True Trend Average BandsThis is the indicator I am most proud of. After reading Glenn Neely's book "Mastering Eliott Waves" / "Neowave" and chatting with @timwest who got acknowledged by Neely, we came up with the idea of an moving average which does calculate the real average price since a trend started. Addionally I adapted a method from Neely Neowave and Tim Wests TimeAtMode to not force a timeframe on a chart but instead let the charts data decide which timeframe to use, to then calculate the real average price since the trend started. It took me a while to get this right and coded, so take a moment and dive deeper and you might learn something new. We assume that the price is in multiple trends on multiple timeframes, this is caused by short term traders, long term traders and investors who trade on different timeframes. To find out in which timeframe the important trends are, we have to look out for significant lows and highs. Then we change the timeframe in the chart to a value so that we have 10 to 20 bars since the significant low/high. While new bars are printed, and we reach more than 20 bars, we have to switch to a higher timeframe so we have 10 to 20 bars again. In the chart you see two significant trends: a downtrend on the 3 week timeframe and an uptrend from the 2 month timeframe. Based on the logic I have described, these are the two important timeframes to watch right now for the spx (there is another uptrend in the yearly chart, which is not shown here). Now that we understand how to find the important timeframes, let's look what the magic in this script is that tells us the real average price since a trend started. I developed a new type of moving average, which includes only the prices since a trend started. The difference to the regular sma is that it will not include prices which happened before the significant low or high happened. For example, if a top happened in a market 10 days ago, the regular sma20 would be calculated by 10 bars which happened before the top and 10 bars which happened after the top. If we want to know the average price of the last 10 bars we manually have to change the ma20 to the ma10 which is annoying manual work, additionally even if we use the ma10 in this case, and we look at yesterday's bar the ma10 will include 9 bars from after the top and one bar before the top, so the ma10 would only show the real average price for the current bar which is not what we want. To come up with a solution to this problem, the True Trend Average searches for the lowest/highest bar in a given period (20 bars). Then starts to calculate the average value since the low/high. For example: if the price reaches a new 20 day high and then trades below it, the day of the high will be the sma1, the day after it's the sma2, ... up to the maximum look back length. This way, we always know what the average price would have been if someone sold/bought a little bit every bar of his investment since the high/low. Why is this even important? Let's assume we missed selling the top or buying the low, and think it would have been at least better to buy/sell a little bit since the new trend started. Once the price reaches the true trend average again, we can buy/sell, and it would be as good as selling/buying a little bit every day. We find prices to buy the dip and sell the bounce, which are as good as scaling in/out. There is a lot more we can learn from these price levels but I think it is better to let you figure out yourself what you can learn from the information given by this indicator. Think about how market participants who accumulate or distribute feel when prices are above or below certain levels. Now that we understand this new type of moving average, let's look into the lines we see in the chart: The upper red band line shows the true trend average high price since the last significant top within 20 bars. The lower red band line shows the true trend average hl2 price since the last significant top within 20 bars. The lower green band line shows the true trend average low price since the last significant low within 20 bars. The upper green band line shows the true trend average hl2 price since the last significant low within 20 bars. The centerline is the average between the upper red band and the lower green band. The teal lines show 1 standard deviation from the outer bands. Before today only a few people had access to this indicator, now that it is public and open source, I am curious if you will find it useful and what you will do with it. Please share your findings. /edit: The chart only shows the 3week timeframe so here are the other two trends from the 2month and 1year timeframe
Pine Script™ indicator
12
Multiple Divergences (UDTs - objects) - Educational█   OVERVIEW This script highlights the usage of User-defined Types (UDTs) and objects , and bullish /bearish  divergences. Pivotpoints are used to find divergences, the result of this script will be different against other public multiple divergences scripts. FOR Pine Script™ CODERS Besides the information found in CONCEPTS , the comments in the script will, hopefully ), guide you through my thought process. █   CONCEPTS The main principle of this script are bullish /bearish  divergences, this with 3 different oscillators ( RSI , CCI , MFI ) If you want to know more about divergences, have a look at some Education and Research idea's . On every bar, an object HLs is made, containing bar_index , high , low , and 2 bool variables ( isPh , isPl ). On every bar, an object Osc is made, containing bar_index , o (oscillator value), and 2 bool variables ( isPh , isPl ). If a pivothigh (ph ) is found, isPh will be true on that bar, false otherwise. If a pivotlow (pl) is found, isPl will be true on that bar, false otherwise. These objects are added to an array, with limited size. If a ph is found, the script draws a testline from that ph to every previous ph , found in the array. Then every high in between these 2 points are checked if they don't pierce the testline . If the testline isn't broken, the Reg_Div_Piv() function will give 4 values, 1 check (not pierced) variable and the 4 points of the line. The testline is deleted. Once a positive check is found, the script will perform the same, but now with the Osc objects. The script will ONLY compare Osc pivots which are maximum 1 bar away from the high/low pivot . If everything is confirmed, a line is drawn, visible on the chart. █   REMARKS A label will be visible with a number, this is the amount of divergences found with the according oscillator . EXAMPLE Div with RSI and CCI -> 2 Div with MFI alone -> 1 Div with RSI and CCI and MFI -> 3 ... Divergences should only be used when confirmed, this is after bar close . As an aid, lines that are not confirmed will be dotted , if confirmed, they will be solid . The divergence check start when a ph/pl is found, after which oscillator pivot are checked. Optionally the same can be done, when a oscillator pivot is found and then check the ph/pl , this should give more results, although it can make the script slower. █   SETTINGS Left - amount of bars at the left which needs to be lower/higher Right - amount of bars at the right which needs to be lower/higher Max values - maximum values in array of objects 3 oscillator settings with      • ON/OFF      • Length      • color bullish  divergence      • color bearish  divergence Have FUN !
Pine Script™ indicator
15

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Educational ideas

Unlocking Secrets of Booming Hotel Industry: Essential Research!Discovering the Potential of the Booming Hotel Industry: Vital Perspectives for Hotel Industry Research! Overview of the Tourism and Hotel Sector ~ Tourism has become very important in India. It brings in a lot of money from other countries and helps create jobs. The increase in tourists also means more business for hotels. ~ India is becoming a popular tourist destination and is ranked 6th in tourism and hospitality by the World Economic Forum. This is according to a report by the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC). ~ The tourism and hospitality industry in India is one of the top 10 industries that receives the most foreign investment. According to government data, the hotel and tourism sector received around $16.6 billion of foreign investment from April 2000 to September 2022. ~The Indian government is trying to make India a big tourism destination. They have a plan called " Project Mausam " to connect with other countries in the Indian Ocean and bring back old cultural and economic ties. Also, they have made it easier for tourists from 161 countries to visit India by offering electronic visas. ~A significant surge in India, thereby propelling the hospitality sector to thrive. This is primarily due to a marked increase in the volume of foreign and domestic travelers, leading to a corresponding increase in the demand for lodgings. Budget hotels have emerged as prevalent trend in India. Furthermore, international hotel companies have increasingly commenced considering the establishment of such hotels in India, given the latent source of growth that arises from the extant disparity between the burgeoning influx of tourists and the insufficient number of rooms to accommodate them. -=-=-=-= "Supply" ⁎ It has been predicted that the hospitality sector will be unable to keep pace with the sustained growth of the economy, projected to grow at an annual rate of 7%. In the coming five years, it is anticipated that around 40 multinational corporations within the hotel industry will establish a presence in India, yet the industry still remains unable to fulfill the long term demand. -=-=-=-= "Demand" ⁎ The burgeoning nature of tourism industry in India can be attributed to the burgeoning influx of both business and leisure travelers, along with the noticeable proliferation of medical tourism. During the apogee of the tourism season, from November to March, there is a discernible increase in demand. This can only be comprehended by those with an erudite background in the field. -=-=-=-= "Entrance Hindrances" ⁎ High Capital Intensity, Brand Recognition, Zoning and Regulatory Restrictions, Strong Competition, Economies of Scale, Customer Relationships -=-=-=-= "New cycle begun" ⁎ Travel within India is starting to recover and travel businesses have seen a big increase in earnings. Right now, the industry is almost back to its normal levels with occupancy at 63-65%. This new trend is just starting, India to host G20 Summit in Sept 2023, hold over 200 meetings. international travelers geopolitical events and global economy, which should support the hotel RevPAR growth. which will help hotels earn more money. -=-=-=-= ⁎ The IMF predicts that India's economy will grow rapidly in the next few years. They expect India to have the highest growth rate, with a projected 7.4% in FY22-23 and 6.1% in FY23-24. ⁎ After removal of international travel restrictions, domestic travel remains the preferred choice for Indian nationals. Travel is not limited to pilgrimages only anymore and to places of one’s relatives as travellers are now more inclined to visit leisure and holiday destinations. Corporate travel has taken a new leap in the country, factoring in the growing economic activities. In fact, the pandemic has evolved a new work cum travel option in the form of workations, staycations and bleisure travel, which has further aided the domestic travel and hotel industry. Young people are starting to save money for travel and taking their trips more seriously. ⁎ Social media is also making people more aware of new places to visit. India has many places that could become great tourist destinations if developed. The demand for hotel rooms in India has increased dramatically, going up from 25,000 rooms per day to 90,000 rooms per day. This suggests that more and more people are traveling and choosing to stay in hotels, which is a positive trend for the tourism industry in the country. -=-=-=-= We will learn how to differentiate between a fundamentally strong hotel from a weaker one. ⁎ Examination of the Comprehensive Structure of India's Hotel Industry at a Macro Level. The Indian hotel sector is characterized by a highly fragmented landscape, with each city accommodating a mixture of both domestic and international chains and a considerable number of unbranded, predominantly family run establishments. The Ministry of Tourism classifies these establishments via the allocation of stars, such as standard, star, and heritage. In the branded segment, while the majority of the supply was once concentrated in high end properties, the shift towards a greater number of domestic travelers over the last decade has resulted in the proliferation of mid range branded hotels, which has accordingly expanded the room supply. This increase in supply has been derived from the conversion of non branded establishments and new construction projects. the Indian hotel industry operates in a crowded environment. This further constrains the pricing power of the industry. ⁎ The demand for hotels changes depending on the economy and the time of year. When the economy is doing well, people have more money to spend on vacations or business trips, which means more business for hotels. But when the economy is not doing well, people spend less money on these services, which can make it difficult for hotel companies to make money. This can be a big risk for the hotel business. ⁎ In the hotel industry, the demand for rooms can vary greatly throughout the year. Despite this, expenses such as power, lighting, and salaries are constant and can make up to 70% of a hotel's costs. Investors should be aware of this volatility and the fact that a hotel's quarter on quarter performance may fluctuate. ⁎ Starting a hotel requires a substantial amount of capital, including the cost of acquiring land and constructing the building. The process also involves obtaining local government approvals, negotiating contracts, and can take anywhere from four to six years. The long gestation period and two to three years it takes for a hotel to reach optimal operations makes the industry challenging. ⁎ There are ways to reduce the capital requirements, such as through a management contract model where the management of the hotel is separated from its ownership. This allows for the risk of operating a hotel to be shared among different entities, though the macro business risks of competition, funding cycles, and seasonality still remain. Despite these challenges, the hotel industry remains attractive. -=-=-=-= Some point to help us understand the comparison between different hotel companies. First Revenue Per Available Room (RevPAR) . The Revenue Per Available Room (RevPAR) depicts the revenue generated from a single room, regardless of its occupancy status. It encompasses unsold or unoccupied rooms, thereby providing a precise representation. The four major hotel companies in the study, NSE:INDHOTEL , NSE:CHALET , NSE:EIHOTEL & NSE:LEMONTREE , All strive to maximize their RevPAR, as it reflects not only the pricing of the rooms but also their occupancy rate. The company Charlotte has already surpassed its pre-COVID-19 RevPAR levels. Let's look at example The average sales price is approx. Rs. 4600 and unit costs are Rs. 1800 per room while occupancy rate is 80%. We can calculate RevPAR as follows: 200*(RevPAR/Unit Costs)+(1800/Unit Costs) = 1000+3400=3472 -=-=-=-= Second the Occupancy Rate . The Occupancy Rate is the number of Occupied rooms divided by the number of available rooms. when the COVID-19 pandemic hit, the Occupancy Rate for both branded and unbranded hotels went way down in FY22. We will see some major hotel companies. NSE:INDHOTEL "IHCL" includes (Taj Hotels, Vivanta Hotels, Ginger Hotels & Seleqtions Hotels) NSE:EIHOTEL include (Oberoi Hotels, Trident  Hotels & Maidens Hotels) NSE:CHALET include (The Westin, Novotel Hotel and Resort, Marriott Hotels & Four Points) Lemon Tree Hotels Include (Aurika Hotels, keys Select & Redfox) There has been a substantial improvement in occupancy rates, Some companies already. reached pre COVID-19 levels high. Let's look at example Hotel has total 100 rooms and the average room rate (ARR) is 2,500 INR per room. The hotel's total room revenue for a given day is 100 rooms * 2,500 INR = 2,50,000 INR. Hotel has an occupancy rate of 80%, this means that 80 rooms are occupied and the hotel earns 80 rooms * 2,500 INR = 2,00,000 INR in revenue from occupied rooms (Revenue from occupied rooms / Total room revenue) * 100 -=-=-=-= Third Average Room Rate (ARR). The ARR calculates the average rental revenue per occupied room dividing the total revenue by the number of rooms occupied. COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on the ARR. Indian Hotels falls under the luxury and upscale category, Lemon Tree is a mid scale or economic brand, And Oberoi, Trident Hotels, are undergoing a process of reestablishment, with Indian Hotels having already reached its desired state. Let's look at example The Average Room Rate (ARR) is the average rate of a hotel room per night. Calculated by dividing the total revenue generated from the sale of rooms by the number of rooms sold. If hotel generates revenue of ₹500,000 from the sale of 100 rooms in a month, the ARR would be ₹5,000 per room per night (500,000/100). -=-=-=-= Sector overview or Business overview The hotel industry experiences marked fluctuations in profitability margins due to its cyclical nature. As a quadrant business, the evaluation of performance should be based on two key metrics: EBITDA margin and Return on Capital Employed (ROCE). The EBITDA margin, which represents the proportion of profits within a company's sales, holds significant significance across various industries. The four major hotel chains, including Lemon Tree, have experienced an improvement in margins through cost reduction measures. The objective for these companies is to attain a 33% EBITDA margin by 2025. The efficiency with which hotels allocate capital is equally important, as demonstrated by the ROCE metric. With the recent normalization, increase in consumer demand, and heightened operating margins, it is anticipated that the ROCE will settle within a range of 12-15%, after considering debt reduction. We have leveraged expectations. This is an important aspect because hotels are capital intensive. A company's balance sheet determines the level of stress its cash flows can sustain, especially during downturns. High leverage reduces a hotel company's financial flexibility, which also dilutes its efforts to raise funds for future projects. -=-=-=-= Key Ratios Analysis 1. Leverage Ratios The Debt to Equity ratio is a financial metric that compares a company's total debt to its total equity. It is used to measure a company's financial leverage and its ability to pay off its debt obligations. ⁎ Debt/EBITDA ratio is a financial metric that measures a company's ability to pay off its debt obligations with its earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA). This ratio is used to evaluate the financial health of a company, particularly its debt burden and ability to service its debt obligations. 2. Liquidity Ratios The current ratio used to determine a company's ability to pay its short term obligations. It is calculated by dividing the company's current assets by its current liabilities ⁎ The Cash ratio is financial ratio that measures a company's ability to pay off its current liabilities using only its most liquid assets, such as cash and cash equivalents. This ratio provides an indication of a company's liquidity and short term financial health. When evaluating a hotel investment, it's important to consider whether there is a well-established and financially strong promoter group backing the company. promoter can help the hotel deal with difficulties in a more timely manner and even negotiate better rates from suppliers. This can be the difference between survival and bankruptcy, as we saw in the past when as many as 40% of hotels and restaurants in India shut down permanently. Indian Hotels Limited and Lemon Tree Hotels, among other prominent hospitality companies in India, enjoy the advantage of having formidable backing from influential promoters and substantial institutional support, respectively. As of December 2022, the percentage of promoter stake in Lemon Tree Hotels that was pledged had declined from 29.39% (December 2021) to a current value of 11.9%. Thank you for reading my analysis of the hotel industry. I hope it provided valuable insights into the performance and trends of the sector. If you have any questions or comments, feel free to leave them below. Jai hind 🇮🇳
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Trading Reverse Head & Shoulder PatternWhat is Reverse head & shoulder ? Ans:- The Reverse Head and Shoulders is a bullish reversal pattern that is formed in the stock market when an asset experiences a decline, followed by a moderate recovery, then another decline to a lower level, another recovery to near the original decline, and finally another decline to a level that is lower than the previous decline. The pattern is considered complete when the price rises above the neckline, which is the line connecting the highs of the two recoveries. The pattern is named after its visual appearance, which resembles the human head and shoulders, but in reverse. The three troughs form the shoulders and the head, while the neckline serves as the confirmation point for a reversal. The height of the pattern can be used to estimate the potential upside for the asset once the reversal is confirmed. The Reverse Head and Shoulders pattern is often seen as a positive sign for the market, indicating a potential end to the downtrend and a shift towards upward momentum. However, it is important to consider other factors such as market sentiment before making a trade based on this pattern. Now how to trade Reverse Head & shoulder pattern? Ans:- To trade this pattern we should follow:- Identifying the pattern: To trade the Reverse Head and Shoulders pattern, you first need to identify it on a stock chart. Look for three troughs followed by a neckline that connects the highs of the two recoveries. Confirming the pattern: Once the pattern is identified, you need to confirm it by waiting for the price to rise above the neckline. This is considered the confirmation point and signals the start of a potential upward trend. Setting a target price: The height of the pattern can be used to estimate the potential upside for the asset. Measure the distance between the neckline and the lowest trough and add it to the neckline to determine a target price. Placing a trade: Once the pattern is confirmed and the target price is set, you can place a long (buy) trade. It is recommended to use a stop loss order to protect your trade in case the pattern does not play out as expected. Monitoring the trade: After placing the trade, it is important to monitor the stock price and adjust your stop loss if necessary. Close the trade once the target price is reached or if the stock price drops below the neckline, indicating a potential reversal. It is important to keep in mind that no single pattern or indicator can guarantee success in the stock market. It is also recommended to consider other factors such as market sentiment and technical indicators before making a trade based on the Reverse Head and Shoulders pattern. Pros: Sign of a potential trend reversal: The Reverse Head and Shoulders pattern is often seen as a positive sign for the market, indicating a potential end to the downtrend and a shift towards upward momentum. Estimation of potential upside: The height of the pattern can be used to estimate the potential upside for the asset, allowing traders to set realistic targets and determine their risk-reward ratio. Relatively easy to identify: The Reverse Head and Shoulders pattern is relatively easy to identify and does not require complex analysis, making it accessible to traders of all levels. Con: No guarantee of success: No single pattern or indicator can guarantee success in the stock market, and the Reverse Head and Shoulders pattern is no exception. The pattern can be disrupted by external factors such as market sentiment, economic data releases, and geopolitical events. False signals: The pattern is not always reliable, and false signals can occur if the price does not rise above the neckline or if the trend does not continue as expected. Need for confirmation: The pattern is not considered complete until the price rises above the neckline, and traders must wait for this confirmation point before entering a trade. This can lead to missed opportunities or increased risk if the pattern does not play out as expected. In conclusion, The Reverse Head and Shoulders pattern is a bullish reversal pattern in the stock market that is formed by a series of declines and recoveries and, but it should not be relied upon exclusively. It is important to consider other factors and to always manage risk when trading based on this pattern.
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Interpretation Of Chart Patterns According To Market Phase.NSE:BANKNIFTY1! As we all know market moves in phases What are those phases? A primary bull or bear trend consists of two phases, specifically Accumulation phase: if the market rises after consolidating, we say that the consolidation represents accumulation (buying activity). Distribution phase: if the market declines after consolidating, we say that the consolidation represents distribution (selling activity) The main issue arises when a trader tries to know whether this consolidation is accumulation or distribution. So how can we overcome that issue? As a trader, we have to try to look for evidence that suggests whether accumulation or distribution is taking place during consolidation and out of that evidence we will discuss how we can use chart patterns to identify the phase. Chart patterns belong to one of two groups, that is, reversal or continuation. Chart patterns have intrinsic and extrinsic biases. What is the intrinsic bias of chart patterns? Intrinsic bias means the inherent bullish or bearish sentiment associated with a chart pattern. For example,1. An ascending triangle pattern has an inherently bullish bias. 2. A head and shoulder pattern has an inherently bearish bias. 3. A descending triangle pattern has an inherently bearish bias. ## A symmetrical triangle and rectangle/horizontal range pattern have an intrinsically neutral bias What is the extrinsic bias of chart patterns? Extrinsic bias refers to as location-based sentiment of a chart pattern. Like a pattern forming at some location which is historically a strong resistance zone (Market top) so if an ascending triangle forms at that location then its extrinsic bias will be bearish. Example 1: An descending triangle is an intrinsically bearish pattern, but if it is forming at a strong support location then the extrinsic bias will be bullish. Example 2: An ascending triangle is intrinsically bullish, that is, it has a bullish bias. Regardless of where this pattern occurs with respect to past price action, it will always be inherently a bullish indication, but If this bullish pattern is found at the price level of some historically significant market top/Resistance, then we say that it is extrinsically bearish, cause the pattern is located at a significant resistance. Factors determining the extrinsic bias of the pattern • Direction of the preceding trend. • Location with respect to historical extremes in price. • Location with respect to the phase of an underlying market cycle • Location with respect to other support and resistance barriers to price. • Bullish or bearish divergent formations. How can we use this extrinsic and intrinsic bias? When extrinsic bias and intrinsic bias both are in agreement then the possibility of a reversal at market tops or bottoms is significant. Similarly, for trends, when the intrinsic bias of the chart pattern is in agreement with the directionality of the trend, i.e., the trend sentiment, the potential for a continuation is usually greater. For example, The inverse head and shoulder pattern have an intrinsically bullish bias, and it is also forming at a strong support location then its extrinsic bias is also bullish. Like, If both are in alignment then we can say that this is an accumulation phase and a long entry can be initiated. ##When attempting to determine the reliability of potential reversals during the accumulation and distribution phases, or continuations during the trend phase, it is important to look for agreement between the intrinsic and extrinsic biases. If Any disagreement is seen as an indication that a reversal or continuation may be inherently weak. ##Intrinsically neutral formations, their extrinsic bias or sentiment is derived from the trend sentiment. For example, a symmetrical triangle will adopt an extrinsically bullish bias in an uptrend and an extrinsically bearish bias in a downtrend. By considering these Factors while trading chart patterns in different market phases will give an in-depth insight and helps in making more informed and rational decisions. I hope you found this helpful. Please like and comment. Keep Learning, Happy Trading!
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Concept Volume: How to plan your trade with help of volumeConcept Volume: (1): We have got a clear uptrend till now (pls check the example shared) until a good volume (red) candle comes out of nowhere, as mentioned - (1). This is the first sign of weakness in the trend, long positions need to be trailed after that, one should avoid creating long positions. & high of this zone could be monitored serious turning point zone. Here, in Aarti Industries we have seen a clear breakout. Though the trend is intact & till now we have only encountered a single speed breaker, we should consider this as a sign of caution. (2): candle completed the week of 4th Oct. 21, is the blow-off top. After the big move-up, we have got an extremely low volume Doji. How could be possible to have a Doji after a good move-up? (acceleration than a pause in the momentum) (3) After approaching again at the psychological resistance, this got rejected forming an engulfing. But before this why this reversal happened let us find it. Check the following candle- 18 Oct 21: good volume spread & good volume candle, 25 Oct 21: low volume spread & low volume candle, why? If the trend is intact it should not happen 1 Nov 21: a Doji-type candle with ultra-low volume. Are bears no more interested in taking the stock further down? 15 Nov 21: First avg. volume green candle after 5 red candles. High is marked as a psychological resistance. Now, check 28 Feb candle, it has finally broken the support (maximum traders enter here, considering the good opportunity to go short & it is ideally a good one but if entered, it has tested the patience) also, check how could be possible that this breakout candle has a low volume than the last one, in the trend? All of this is basically an anomaly. From here, the trend got reversed making 5 green candles that retraced the red ones till their resistance level as mentioned (4). From 11 April 22 we have got 5 candles, in the trend and aligned with the volume Now, if you notice the three candles formed after 30 May 22, you see the pattern is not aligned with the volume (the market is going down but the volume is decreasing along with the size of the candle---AN ANAMOLY) CASE STUDY (aarti industries)
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Introduction to market structureHey everyone!👋 In this article, we'll dive into market structure, providing insightful examples to enhance your understanding of this concept. Please remember this is an educational post to help all of our members better understand concepts used in trading or investing. This in no way promotes a particular style of trading! Market structure is a basic form of understanding how markets move. It can be seen as the flow of the price between a series of swing highs and swing lows. The market moves in trends. These trends are nothing but a combination of different structures. The market structure allows you to be in sync with the market and avoid counter-trend trading, which enhances the probability of your setups. There are broadly 3 types of structures: 1. Bullish (Uptrend) 2. Bearish (Downtrend) 3. Ranging (Sideways) Illustration: Bullish market structure Illustration: Bearish market structure Illustration: Range market structure 📈 What is an uptrend? ✅ Characterised by a bullish market structure. ✅ Formation of higher highs followed by higher lows. ✅ For an uptrend to stay intact, it must preserve its ascending structure - higher highs must follow higher lows. ✅ Lower highs are allowed if the price goes into compression or re-accumulation. 📉 What is a downtrend? ✅ Characterised by a bearish market structure. ✅ Formation of lower highs followed by lower lows. ✅ For a downtrend to stay intact, it must preserve its descending structure - lower highs must follow lower lows. ✅ Lower highs are allowed if the price goes into compression or re-distribution. ⚡ What is a range? ✅ A range is a zone where the price finds itself bouncing between two levels. ✅ These levels are - range high and range low. ✅ The size of the range is dependent on different factors such as asset class, demand-supply, volatility, etc. A lot of times, the structure won’t be as clear as you want it to be. Conversely, sometimes the structure will replicate the textbook. Hence, you need to be flexible in your approach. Sometimes, trading in range-bound markets can be challenging due to the choppiness in price movements. However, when the price action is more defined, some traders may prefer to trade the range by executing breakout trades or mean reversion trades from the range high to the range low or vice versa. It is better to combine market structure with other concepts/indicators for better results. Thanks for reading! As we mentioned before, this isn't trading advice, but rather information about a tool that many traders use. Hope this was helpful! See you all next week. 🙂 – Team TradingView Feel free to check us out on Instagram , and YouTube for more awesome content! 💘
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How and when should apply which Option's strategyHey everyone! 👋 This post is just for sharing knowledge about Future and Options strategies, First of all, one should build view (bias) on market direction, it may be bullish, bearish, sideways, or there may be some events too, like budget day or quarterly results seasons or may be something else, once view is built then what are the ways to apply futures and options strategies are shown in this post. Options trading may sound risky or complex for beginner investors, and so they often stay away. Some basic strategies using options, can help a novice investor protect their downside and hedge market risk. Options trading is meant to provide a process that defines the selling and buying of options by a trader. The options trading strategies are what make up the options trading. There are various ways that a trader can use the options trading strategies to their advantage. Options trading is a great way to increase your returns as an investor. You will be able to generate profits when the market goes up or when it goes down. However, with so many options trading strategies on offer, you may find it difficult to know which one to choose. This post is showing ideas of the different options strategies and help you choose the right one based on your views. What Are Options Strategies? Options are one of the most flexible and powerful way for investing in the stock markets. Investors can utilize stocks in many ways, including buying and holding onto them to long-term appreciation in value or short-term trading to make a quick buck. However, the stock market is huge, and investors can utilize many sophisticated strategies. The first complex strategy is called a call option. Call options are contracts that enable the holder to purchase a stock or other asset at a specific price within a specific time frame. If the price goes above the strike price, the owner can buy the stock at a lower price and then sell it at a higher price. This can result in a great return, but a loss is possible if the stock doesn't move or move in opposite direction. Types of Options Strategies There are four ways to trade options strategies : call, put, spread, and straddle. First, let's start with the call and put. A call is a contract that gives the owner the right to buy a stock at a specific price on or before the option's expiration date. On the other hand, a put is a contract that gives the owner the right to sell a stock at a specific price on or before the option's expiration date. Spreads and straddles are both strategies used to manage risk. A spread is created by buying the same type of option with the same expiration date but with a different strike price. The strike price is the underlying stock price when the option is exercised. A straddle is created by buying an option with a lower strike price and an option with a higher strike price with the same expiration date. Pros and Cons of Options Strategies Just like selecting a stock to trade or invest in, selecting an options strategy can be a difficult task with risks and potential payouts. The pros and cons of options strategies help you decide which is best for your investing style. Pros: - Lower investment costs​ - Stock options can be used as a way to hedge your investment or portfolio risk Cons: - High risks and losses can occur if you don't research your options strategy​ - Options can only be exercised at the expiration date​ Conclusion Traders can use Options strategies to take advantage of both rising and falling prices of stocks. We hope you have gained a deep understanding of what options strategies are this post. See you all next week. 🙂 RK_Charts Most investors treat trading as a hobby because they have a full-time job doing something else. However, If you treat trading like a business, it will pay you like a business. If you treat like a hobby, hobbies don't pay, they cost you...! Disclaimer. I am not sebi registered analyst. My studies are for educational purpose only. Please Consult your financial advisor before trading or investing.
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'Verse' of 'Reverse' Candlestick Pattern-> Definition of Reversal patterns :- Reversal patterns mean the formation of candlesticks which indicate the end of the existing trend (uptrend or downtrend). When such formation appears in a downtrend, it indicates a bullish reversal or end of selling spree and onset of buying spell. Conversely, when a trend reversal pattern forms in an uptrend, it warns traders of a possible end to bullish run and onset of a slump. Candlestick patterns are visual patterns, helping traders to visualize when market sentiment is shifting, which is why many traders prefer candlestick charts over other trading tools. However, any trend reversal indication must conform with other popular technical trading tools. -> Engulfing Patterns :- An engulfing pattern is a two-candle formation that signals trend reversal, and hence, there are bullish engulfing and bearish engulfing. The bearish engulfing happens in the uptrend. The first candle is a white/green candle that forms in the uptrend. The second candle opens higher than the previous session and then closes below the previous. It indicates that the bullish force made a final thrust before bearish forces took over. The opposite of bearish engulfing is bullish engulfing, and it appears at the bottom of a downtrend. ->Doji :- Doji is a unique formation – a candle with no real-body but with shadows. Doji can take many forms like Doji Star, Dragonfly Doji, Gravestone Doji, Long-legged Doji, and more. It is often associated with market indecision before a trend reversal. Apart from Doji star, Dragonfly Doji and Gravestone Doji also indicate a trend reversal; but to base your trading decisions on them, those must concur with other popular trading tools like moving average, RSI, or moving oscillator. Doji formations often have no real-body, means that the opening and closing price is almost the same, or the market has reached an equilibrium where neither the buying not the selling strengths are strong enough to give it a direction. -> Abandoned Baby :- Apparently, an abandoned baby is a more decisive trend reversal pattern than Doji. It is a rare formation, but when it appears, it is a strong enough indication for traders to alter their position accordingly. Since it is a trend reversal pattern, an abandoned baby can appear in both uptrend or downtrend. An abandoned baby is a Doji star that appears between two candles – the first one appearing in the direction of the trend and the second confirmation candle appearing in the reversed trend, either bullish or bearish. The shadow of the first candle mustn’t overlap the second candle. The star appears above or below the trend, looking abandoned, hence the moniker. -> Hammer Pattern :- Hammer is a single candle pattern that appears in a downtrend implying a trend reversal to bullish. It usually has a small real-body and a long downward shadow. It indicates that the market fished for the bottom but eventually buying forces were strong to push the market up – the result is a bullish or green candle comprising a short real-body. The candle appearing next to the hammer must confirm the trend reversal to form a trading strategy. It must close above the last candle formed before the hammer. The opposite formation of a hammer, an inverted hammer which appears in an uptrend, is also a trend reversal pattern. In this case, the color of the hammer doesn’t matter, but the upper shadow is twice the size of its real body. An inverted hammer requires stronger confirmation candles to ascertain trend reversal. Another similar formation that appears in the candlestick chart is called a hanging man. It is a hammer that appears in uptrend. When the hanging man appears after a rally, it indicates a trend reversal. It needs further confirmation from the following candles appearing in the trendline. If those appearing in a downtrend, the hanging man confirms a downward trend reversal. -> Piercing Line :- A piercing line is a two-candle formation – a bearish long-bodied candle and another bullish candle which opens at a gap and closes at the midway of the bearish candle. Both candles have robust long bodies. It shows that the market started in bearish impulse, but eventually, buyers gained momentum to pull the market up and reserve their position. -> Harami Pattern :- Harami patterns are common and can be both bullish harami and bearish harami. In Japanese, the word translates to pregnant. It is a two-candle formation where the second candle is a small-bodied candle that opens and closes within the body of the first candle, representing a pregnant form. In the case of Harami Cross, the second candle is a Doji star. A Harami is a reversal pattern, but it isn’t as strong as the hammer and needs confirmation from other technical trading tools like RSI, MACD, and the like. My OBSERVATION :- These reversal patterns works very well when used with RSI, In case of indices, when RSI is above 65 or below 35 any such pattern visible indicates reversal and In case of stocks, when RSI is above 70 or below 40 any such pattern visible indicates reversal.
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Moods of Candlesticks 🎚How do you read a candle? The top or bottom of the candle body will indicate the open price, depending on whether the asset moves higher or lower during the selected timeframe. If the price trends up, the candlestick is often either green or white and the open price is at the bottom. viceversa if price trends down. Why Candlestick is important? They indicate market turning points early and estimate the direction of the market. Overall, Candlesticks provide unique insights. They display reversal patterns which cannot be seen in other types of charts. They can be used in all kinds of markets. Detailed Explanation :- Real Bodies Each candlestick is composed of a real body and two wicks (which are also called shadows or tails). The real body is the substantial part of the candle. It reflects the difference between the open and close price for that period. The open and close prices are the first and last transaction prices for that time period. When there is no real body or the real body is very small, it means the open and close prices were the same or almost the same. The real bodies are typically one solid color, though they may also be hollow, with only their edges displaying a color. Their coloring depends in part on the color scheme used by your charting platform, but white/black and green/red are commonly utilized. A white or green candle means the price finished higher over that time period. Because the closing price is higher than the open price, the bottom of the real body represents the open price and the top of the real body represents the close price. A black or red candle means the price finished lower over that time period. Therefore, the top of the real body is the open price and the bottom of the real body is the close price for that time period.​ Wicks or Shadows The wicks or shadows—the thin lines above and below the real body—represent the movements above and below the open and close prices. The highest part of the wick on top of the real body marks the high price for that period. If there is no upper wick, then the top of the real body was also the highest price during that period. The lowest part of the wick on the bottom of the real body marks the low price for that period. If there is no lower wick, then the bottom of the real body was also the lowest price during that period. The difference between the high and low prices is the price range for the period.
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How to find High Probability trades? Hi all, hope you guys are doing well. It’s been a long time since I last posted. Apologies for that. 🙏 In this post, we are going to see how we can combine different indicators/concepts to create confluence zones and find high-probability trades. Introduction A trade that has a greater chance of success than a regular trade is called a high-probability trade. Obviously, it's our assumption that some trades have higher chances of success as compared to others because they have more supporting factors. Nevertheless, a high probability trade can also result in a loss. How to find high-probability trades? There are a few things that you can observe to find a confluence of various important factors such as a support/resistance level, demand/supply zone, Fibonacci level, moving averages, volume, RSI, etc. Depending on your knowledge and trading style, the confluence zone can be derived using a combination of various different concepts or indicators. In this post, I am going to share the factors that I look at for finding good trades. How to find confluence zones? In order to find the confluence zones, you need to understand the concepts and the indicators, then combine them together to create the whole picture. It's like building a jigsaw puzzle - first, you need to identify the individual pieces, and then you need to put them together. Let’s dive into all of these concepts one by one. 1. Market structure Market structure is simply a basic form of understanding how the markets move . The price action is how the market moves based just on price, without the consideration of trends and how they may continue. But the market structure is focused mainly on the trend. I have covered market structure in various different threads that you can read here: 2. Consolidation before Breakout If a stock consolidates before giving a breakout, there are higher chances that it will be a true breakout. This is because all the residual supply gets absorbed at the resistance zone and most of the pending demand orders get filled. Ideally, once a stock goes into consolidation, one of the two processes occurs: Accumulation Distribution In layman’s terms, - If demand is more aggressive than supply, then the price rallies, which confirms accumulation. - Similarly, if the supply is more aggressive than the demand, then the price falls down, which confirms distribution. If you are struggling with identifying the breakouts, be sure to read this post. 3. Support-Resistance levels S/R levels are critical parts of trend analysis because they are used to highlight important zones. The fact that these levels flip roles between support and resistance can be used to determine the range of a market, trade reversals, bounces, or breakouts. These levels exist due to the influx of buyers and sellers at key junctures. Flip zone acting as resistance: Flip zone acting as support: If you are looking for an in-depth tutorial on support and resistance, please check out my old guide here: 4. Supply-Demand zones S/D demand zones are one of the most important things that I look at while charting. The stronger the S/D zone, the higher the chances of a reaction. Always look for these zones in the direction of the major trend. 5. Location of 200MA or 200EMA Always observe the position of 200MA/EMA with respect to price. Once the price interacts with the moving average, study the reaction. If you are looking for a long trade, then look for a positive reaction as the price reacts with the moving average. 6. Overlap with a Fibonacci level A lot of times, the price will come back to a Fibonacci level. You need to observe the price behaviour near these levels. If you are not familiar with the Fibonacci tool, please check my old guide on Fibonacci retracement and extension. 7. Candlestick pattern and the size of the candles The candle spread plays an important role in determining the strength and mood of the underlying trend. In layman's terms, big-bodied candles indicate strength and small-bodied candles act as noise. In any case, the candlestick pattern and candle spread should only be viewed at an important level. The context plays a crucial role. 8. Chart patterns This is pretty self-explanatory. If you trade patterns, you can combine them with other factors to strengthen your analysis. 9. Volume expansion Ideally, at the time of the breakout, the volumes should rise . The volume can be deceiving and we need to see orderflow for a clear picture. Obviously, the majority of us are not looking at the orderflow and hence the volumes can be deceiving. But, for a normal trader, the simple volume indicator is more than enough. So, these are mainly all of the factors that I look at while analyzing the charts. Please note that the usage of the concepts will vary with charts. Sometimes only 3-4 factors may be at play and the other times, 6-7. High Probability trade checklist: 1. Market structure 2. Consolidation before the Breakout 3. Support-Resistance levels 4. Supply-Demand zones 5. Location of 200MA or 200EMA 6. Overlap with a Fibonacci level 7. Candlestick pattern and the size of candles 8. Chart pattern 9. Volume expansion In the example above, you can notice the following things: 1. The market structure was bullish before the breakout, which was evident from the formation of higher highs and higher lows. Don't confuse the internal structure (Low time frame structure) with the external structure (High time frame structure). 2. The price was consolidating in the rectangle/parallel channel for a good amount of time. 3. When the price reached the previous demand zone, the selling pressure started to decrease and the buyers started to step in. 4. When the price interacted with 200MA/EMA, there was a strong reaction to the upside. This means that the buyers want to take the price higher. 6. The buying interest can be seen by an increase in the volume in the last few sessions before the breakout. The volume can be deceiving and we need to see orderflow for a clear picture. But in general, you do not need to complicate this, just use volumes in conjunction with other factors. 7. We always look for some reversal or indecision candlesticks in the confluence zone. In the chart above, at the point of interaction with the moving average and the demand zone, we can see the formation of exhaustion candles. Again, we need to look at these patterns only at specific important levels (like support or resistance levels) and disregard the formations in between the levels. 8. When the price broke above the previous major resistance with a massive bullish candle, there was a heavy volume expansion. More examples: You can read and revise this post until you understand all the concepts. Thanks for reading. I hope you found this helpful! 😊 Disclaimer : This is NOT investment advice. This post is meant for learning purposes only. Invest your capital at your own risk. Happy learning. Cheers! Rajat Kumar Singh (@johntradingwick) Community Manager (India), TradingView
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