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Analysis

What are ratios to analyse any banking stocksHAPPY REPUBLIC DAY 🇮🇳 Today we will study ratios for analysing any banking/ non- banking stock. Key Ratios are - 1. Net Interest Margin (NIM) 2. Provision Non Performing Assets (PNPA) 3. Loan to Assets Ratio 4. Return on Assets Ratio (ROA) 5. Capital Adequacy Ratio 6. Gross NPA 7. Net NPA 8. CASA Ratio 9. Cost to Income ratio --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Net Interest Margin (NIM) 1. Net Interest Margin = ( Investment Income – Interest Expenses ) / Average Earning Assets. 2. Positive Net Interest Margin shows that bank is earning more money in the form of interest than its cost of funding investments. 3. There are several factors that affect bank NIM. One of the most significant is interest rates. When interest rates are high, banks are able to earn more from loans and investments, which increases their NIM. When interest rates low, banks earning will loans and investments decrease, which lead lower NIM. 4. In summary, Net Interest Margin is important measure of bank's profitability and its ability to generate income from its existing assets. NIM is affected by interest rates and competition. Banks with a high NIM are generally considered strong financial position and better to grow and invest in new opportunities. Let's look at example Bank in India has total assets of ₹1,00,000 crore consist of loans and investments. The bank has total deposits of ₹80,000 crore and it pays interest rate of 4% on savings accounts and 6% on Fix Deposit The bank total interest income for the period is ₹2,400 crore which is earned by loans and investments. The bank total interest expense for period is ₹1,600 crore, which is paid to depositors. To check the NIM we take the bank net interest income (NII) of ₹800 crore (₹2,400 crore in interest income - ₹1,600 crore interest expense) and divide by the bank average earning assets of ₹90,000 crore (average of total assets and total deposits). NIM = NII / Average Earning Assets NIM = ₹800 crore / ₹90,000 crore NIM = 0.89% Bank NIM is 0.89% every ₹100 of assets the bank is earning ₹0.89 of net interest income. This NIM is a measure of the bank efficiency in generating income from assets and can be used to compare it with other banks and over time. NIM in India will be lower than developed countries due to lower lending rates and high competition among bank. -=-=-=-= 2. Provision Non Performing Assets (PNPA) 1. An asset, including a leased asset, becomes non performing when it ceases to generate income for the bank. 2. Provision for Non Performing Assets (NPA). The amount keep aside by bank, to cover it's potential losses from loans and other credit related assets that have been non performing.These provisions are made when a bank expects that some of its borrowers will default on their loans, and the bank needs to set aside funds to cover the potential loss. 3. In summary, Provision for Non Performing Assets (NPA) Banks are required to make provisions for NPA on a regular basis, quarterly basis, amount of provisions is disclosed in the financial statements. Provision for NPA is an important measure of a bank's financial health, Help bank to absorb the impact of loan defaults and manage credit risk. Provisions for NPA is closely watched by investors, analysts, and regulators, it helps them to assess the bank's credit risk. Let's look at example Bank total loans of ₹50,000 crore. ₹2,000 crore classified Non performing Assets (NPA) borrowers defaulted their payments more than 90 days. Bank required to set aside certain percentage of the NPA loans as PNPA as per the Reserve Bank of India's guidelines. The current PNPA provisioning ratio is 15%. To get PNPA we multiply the NPA loans of ₹2,000 crore with the PNPA provisioning ratio of 15%. PNPA = NPA loans x PNPA provisioning ratio PNPA = INR 2,000 crore x 15% PNPA = INR 300 crore -=-=-=-= 3. Loan to Assets Ratio 1. Loan to Assets ratio can help investors obtain complete analysis of bank's operations. Banks that have relatively higher Loan to Assets ratio banks with lower levels of Loan to Assets ratios derive a relatively larger portion of their total incomes from more diversified, noninterest earning sources, such as asset management or trading. Banks with lower Loan to Assets ratios may fare better when interest rates are low or credit is tight. 2. In summary, Loan to Asset ratio is financial metric compares bank total loans to total assets. It's used to measure bank leverage assess the level of risk associated with lending activities. Higher Loan to Assets ratio indicates that a bank is more heavily reliant on lending and is more leveraged and risky, while a lower ratio indicates that the bank is less risky. Let's look at example Bank has total assets ₹1,00,000 crore, total loans ₹70,000 crore. to get Loan to Assets Ratio we divide the total loans by the total assets. Loan to Asset Ratio = Total Loans / Total Assets Loan to Asset Ratio = ₹70,000 crore / ₹1,00,000 crore. Loan to Asset Ratio = 0.7. Bank's Loan to Assets Ratio is 0.7 / 70% (0.7*100) bank assets in form of loans. A higher Ratio indicates that bank is heavily invested in lending activities, which can be sign of more aggressive lending strategy. it's also increases the risk of default. Than higher risk of NPA. Banks required to maintain minimum level of Capital Adequacy Ratio as per the Reserve Bank of India's (RBI) guidelines. -=-=-=-= 4. Return on Assets Ratio (ROA) 1. Return on Assets = Net Income / Total Assets 2. The higher ratio means assets are well managed and low ratio means resources didn't used effectively compared to the industry and competitors. 3. In summary, ROA is financial ratio measures profitability of company in relation to total assets. It is calculated by dividing the company's net income by its total assets. This ratio is useful to compare the performance of company with its peers in the same industry. It is an important metric used to evaluate a company's overall efficiency and performance but it's important to keep in mind that high ROA not necessarily mean that company have strong financial position. Let's look at example Bank has total assets of ₹100 billion and net income of ₹5 billion. To get ROA we divide the net income by total assets. ROA = Net Income / Total Assets ROA = ₹5 billion / ₹100 billion ROA = 0.05 or 5%. Bank ROA is 5% For every ₹100 billion of assets, the bank generates ₹5 billion of net income. Higher ROA show that bank is profitable and efficient in utilizing assets. It's important to note this ratio is sensitive to the size of the bank It's better to compare the ROA of a bank with other banks of similar size. -=-=-=-= 5. Capital Adequacy Ratio 1. The Capital Adequacy Ratio helps make sure banks have enough capital to protect depositors money. 2. Banks are required to maintain a certain level of Capital Adequacy Ratio as per the regulations set by central bank to ensure that they have sufficient capital to meet the potential losses and continue their operations even in adverse situations. 3. It helps maintain the stability of the financial system by ensuring that banks can withstand in unexpected situation. Let's look at example In India, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) sets the minimum Capital Adequacy Ratio for banks at 9%. which means that they must hold capital worth at least 9% of their total risk-weighted assets. Bank in India with total assets of ₹‎100 billion and risk-weighted assets of ₹‎80 billion must maintain minimum capital of ₹‎7.2 billion (9% of ₹‎80 billion) to meet the Capital Adequacy Ratio requirement set by the RBI. It's important to note that, the Banks with a higher Capital Adequacy Ratio are considered to have a better ability to absorb unexpected losses. -=-=-=-= 6. Gross NPA 1. Gross Non Performing Assets (GNPA) is refer to the total value of loans or advances that have been classified as Non Performing Assets. These are loans or advances the borrower has defaulted on repayment or interest for certain time. loan is classified as an NPA if the borrower has not made any payment for period of 90 days or more. 2. A high ratio of GNPA to total loans indicates a higher level of credit risk and potentially weaker financial condition for the bank. Let's look at example Bank has total loans of ₹‎100 billion and ₹‎20 billion are classified Non Performing Assets (NPA). The bank Gross Non Performing Assets (GNPA) would be INR 20 billion. we see the ratio of GNPA to total loans we get 0.2 (₹‎20 billion / ₹‎100 billion). This ratio of 20% indicates that 20% of the bank loans are classified as NPA. This high ratio may indicate the bank is facing high level of credit risk it could be cause for concern. It's important to note that Gross NPA ratio is used in conjunction with other financial indicators to understand overall financial health of bank and single indicator may not enough to make a conclusion. -=-=-=-= 7. Net NPA 1. Any financial security owned by a bank is considered an asset. The interest we pay on loans is the primary source of income for banks these loans are classified as assets for bank's. when borrowers can't repay the amount these assets are classified as Non Performing Assets (NPA) because they are not generating any income for the bank's. 2.If loan provided by bank is overdue more than 90 days from the borrower end comes under NPA. If loan amount is unpaid more than 1 year from due date then it's a doubtful debt and if it’s unpaid more than 3 years then loss of an asset or default account. Net Non-Performing Asset = Gross NPA – Provisions. Gross NPA = Total Gross NPA/Total Loans given. Impact of NPA Due to higher NPA rates, banks will suffer significant revenue losses that will potentially affect their brand image. insufficient funds, banks will have to increase the interest rates on loans to maintain their profit margin. Let's look at example Bank has total loans of ₹100 billion and ₹20 billion are classified as Non Performing Assets (NPA). The bank is required to make provisions for ₹10 billion against these NPA. The bank Gross Non-Performing Assets (GNPA) would be ₹20 billion and Net Non Performing Assets (Net NPA) would be ₹10 billion (₹20 billion - ₹10 billion). If we see the ratio of Net NPA to total loans we get 0.1 (INR 10 billion / INR 100 billion). This ratio of 10% indicates that 10% of the bank's loans classified as NPA after making necessary provisioning. This ratio gives a clearer picture of bank's financial health than just Gross NPA ratio as it takes into account the provisions made against NPA. -=-=-=-= 8. CASA Ratio 1. CASA (Current Account and Saving Account) it is measure the proportion of bank deposits that are in the form of current and savings accounts. 2. The ratio is calculated by dividing the total value of current and savings account deposits by the total deposits. It is typically expressed as percentage. Higher CASA ratio indicates that bank have larger proportion of stable deposits. This is because banks can use these deposits to fund their lending activities at a lower cost which improves bank's net interest margin. Let's look at example Bank has total deposits of ₹200 billion and ₹150 billion in form of current and savings accounts. The bank CASA ratio would be 75%. This ratio indicates that three fourth of the bank deposits are in the form of current and savings accounts which are considered the stable form of deposits. This high ratio is considered positive sign. Stable deposits can used to fund lending activities lower cost. High CASA ratio the bank will have access to cheaper funding which will improve it's net interest margin. This means that the bank will be able to offer loans at a lower rate of interest. which will make it more competitive in the market and attract more customers. And bank will also have more stable funding which will make it less vulnerable to market fluctuations and interest rate changes. Asset quality, capital adequacy play important roles in assessing a bank's overall financial condition. -=-=-=-= 9. Cost to Income ratio 1. Cost to Income Ratio (CIR) measure company efficiency by comparing it's operating expenses to it's revenue. calculated by dividing the total operating expenses by the total revenue and expressed in percentage. 2. Lower (CIR) indicates that company more efficient in managing expenses and able to generate more income for every unit of expenses. while higher (CIR) indicates that company less efficient in managing it's expenses and is generating less income for every unit of expenses. Let's look at example Bank A with a high CIR. Bank has total operating expenses of ₹10 billion and total revenue of ₹15 billion. The bank's CIR is 67% (₹10 billion / ₹15 billion). High CIR indicates that the bank is not very efficient in managing its expenses and is generating less income for every unit of expenses. The bank may need to review its cost structure and implement measures to reduce expenses in order to increase its efficiency and profitability. Bank B with a low CIR: A bank has total operating expenses of ₹5 billion and total revenue of ₹15 billion. The bank CIR is 33% (₹5 billion / ₹15 billion). This low CIR indicates that the bank is efficient in managing its expenses and is able to generate more income for every unit of expenses. The bank able to invest in growth opportunities and increase profitability. I hope you found this helpful. Please like and comment. Keep Learning, Thank you for reading!
Editors' picks
NSE:HDFCBANKEducation
by NARAYANTAPARIA
24
Contra Bet on ITC. Will it work?NSE:ITC I have a detailed analysis on this stock and also know that many investors are frustrated holding this script. It is also clear that demerger is not happening anytime soon so we do not have a comfort for value unlocking from this parameter. But in a contra bet, script has a strong Fundamentals. According to the chart patterns, stock is trading at the lower range of bollinger band. This provides an opportunity to Buy at lower edge (Not trying to fish the bottom). Medium term trend suggests a direct hit of Rs.275 in 3 months. Fundamentals suggest risk reward ratios are favourable at current levels. The idea shared is only for educational purpose.
NSE:ITCLong
by jay-chopra
3
A sense of debtIn the previous two posts, we explored how assets are grouped in a company's balance sheet. Part 1: Balance sheet: taking the first steps Part 2: Assets I prioritize Now let's deal with Liabilities and Stockholders' equity. Let me remind you that these are the sources of funds that give a company assets. And indeed, with what funds can a company have assets? Either with its own funds (stockholders' equity), or with funds borrowed (liabilities). For simplicity, we will call them Debts and Equity. Debts can vary in maturity, so we've divided them into two categories in the balance sheet: Current liabilities and Non-current liabilities . Current liabilities include: - Current debts are debts that need to be paid back within a year after they are incurred. Do you remember our master took a loan from the bank to make a large batch of boots? That loan will be recorded in this item (assuming the loan is up to one year in repayment). - Accounts payable (debts to suppliers of goods and services). You can borrow money not only from the bank, but also from your suppliers, for example. In other words he is giving you raw materials now, but is ready to accept payment later. Such debts are reflected in this item. - Accrued liabilities (Provisions for future expenses on unpaid bills in the form of wages, rent, taxes). The word "debt" is in many ways synonymous with the word "liability." A company may have many such liabilities: payment of wages, rent and taxes. In essence, these are also debts to be paid during the year. For convenience, cash reserves are set aside for them. They are spent at the moment when the payment is due. Such reserves are recorded in this item. - Other current liabilities . Debts or liabilities with a maturity of up to one year that are not included in the categories above are shown here. Non-current liabilities include: - Long term debt - these are debts that need to be paid back more than one year after they are incurred. If our master had borrowed from the bank for two years, such a loan would fall into this category. - Deferred taxes liabilities (Provision for taxes to be paid in a future period). Tax rates are subject to change, and new taxes may come into effect in a year or more. But even now, the company can set aside money for future taxes. - Other long term liabilities . Here are debts or liabilities with a maturity of more than one year that are not included in the categories above. In short, debts are loans taken by the company, provisions for tax liabilities, and debts to suppliers. The amount of debt is a very important indicator in the fundamental analysis of a company. On the one hand, the mere presence of debt is not scary, because it demonstrates that banks trust the company and give it loans for development. On the other hand, a substantial amount of debt can cause serious problems and losses in the period of weak sales of goods or services. Banks are unlikely to suspend interest charges on loans if a company is doing poorly. This means the company will incur expenses in the form of interest on loans that are not offset by revenue. Also a reminder that if a company goes bankrupt, the owners of the stock get the assets of that company only after all debts have been settled . If the debts are so large that they exceed the value of all the property, the shareholders get nothing. For these reasons, I select companies with small debt loads. What liabilities do I focus on? - Current debt; - Accounts payable; - Long term debt. For me, these are the items that most clearly reflect the company's debt situation. In the next post, we will conclude our study of the balance sheet and look at the basic source of assets, which is Equity. See you soon!
NSE:HDFCBANKEducation
by Be_Capy
Assets I prioritizeIn the previous post Balance sheet: taking the first steps , we began parsing the balance sheet of the imaginary workshop and focused on assets. Today, I suggest looking at what types of tangible and intangible property are classified as current assets and what types are classified as non-current assets. Current assets contain the following items: - Cash and cash equivalents - in our case we can include a safe with money, which, in general, corresponds to the company's cash in its current bank accounts. - Net receivables - here we would include the IOU from a friend. That is everything that clients owe the company for goods or services. - Inventory - this includes a bag with leather, rubber and thread. That is all raw materials, from which goods are made, as well as stocks of finished goods in warehouses. - Other current assets - this can include other current assets that do not belong to the previous items. Non-current assets include the following items: - Net property, plant and equipment - we include a garage, table, chair, sewing machine and tools. Depreciation is deducted from the original cost of the property when reporting it. Depreciation is the cost to repair and renew the property. - Equity and other investments - in our example, this would include oil company stocks (and in general, any company investment in stocks or bonds of other companies). - Goodwill - let's say our company wants to buy another company and is willing to pay $11 million for it. The assets of the other company are $10 million, and the debts that our company will have to pay for the other company are $2 million. So the assets net of debt are $8 million. After the purchase, the assets and debts of that company will become the assets and debts of our company. So, the difference between the purchase amount of $11 million and the net assets of $8 million is a goodwill equal to $3 million. For our workshop, this item is not relevant, as it didn't buy any company. Nevertheless, remember that goodwill is the difference between the purchase price of another company and its net assets. - Intangible assets - this can include the value of the customer base in the master's phone book, as well as any other assets that have no tangible basis (such as purchased trademarks). - Other long term assets - this item includes other non-current assets that don't belong to the previous items. Once we understand which asset belongs to which item, its value (or rather, the sum of the values of all assets belonging to this item) is written in the balance sheet. For example, let's say we've determined that the Inventory item includes leather, rubber, and thread. The accountant adds up the value of the leather, rubber, and thread and writes the total amount in monetary terms against the Inventory item. This is how the numbers appear in the balance sheet. Now let's discuss which balance sheet items we should pay attention to during the fundamental analysis of assets. I have formulated the following rule for myself: pay attention to the assets that are directly related to the sale of the company's goods or services . If a company does not sell its goods or services well, its bank account balance will shrink, huge inventories of unsold goods and raw materials will accumulate in its warehouses, and accounts receivable (customers debt) will grow. The fact is that when sales are bad, the company is ready to lend out goods as debt. If sales are going well, then, on the contrary, the money in the account will grow, and accounts receivable and inventory will start to shrink. All other assets can influence sales only indirectly, so I don't consider them. Thus, I have identified my priority assets : - Cash and cash equivalents; - Net receivables; - Inventory. As you can see, they are all quick current assets. Non-current assets only indirectly affect sales, so they are not a priority benchmark for me. In the next post, we'll start looking at the right side of our disclosed book, called the Balance sheet. That's where the company's liabilities and equity belong. See you next time!
NSE:NIFTYEducation
by Be_Capy
Just think about those didn't follow my analysis yesterday🤣🤣Yesterday i told that my long position is still active which i analyzed day before yesterday now think who didn't care about my analysis. I am holding my position today also but booked half quantity as 70% target achieved. So guys trade with my analysis to be smart retailer not normal retailer whom are always trapped. But remember consistency with risk managment is the only key of success in market no luck will work and Market is supreme.
NSE:BANKNIFTYLong
by pn202377
Two Fundamentals Ideas: EIL and IGL EIL : Engineers India Ltd (# NSE:ENGINERSIN ): CMP: 83.25 DVM (Durability - Valuation - Momentum) score: 60-43-68. Consensus Price target for 1 year: 100 (19% upside). Reasons: 1. Engineers India Ltd.'s Revenue was higher than average estimate 2 times in past 3 years 2. EPS is expected to grow by 4.2% in FY23 3. The consensus recommendation from 5 analysts for Engineers India Ltd. is STRONG BUY IGL : Indraprasthe Gas ( NSE:IGL ): CMP: 416 DVM (Durability - Valuation - Momentum) score: 60-40-57. Consensus Price target for 1 year: 500 (20% upside). Reasons: 1. EPS is expected to grow by 12.2% in FY23 2. The consensus recommendation from 30 analysts for Indraprastha Gas Ltd. is BUY 3. Only concern: Indraprastha Gas Ltd.'s Revenue was lower than average estimate 2 times in past 3 years
NSE:IGLLong
by pradipandsuvra
What the markets are going to be going forward?As we can see in the monthly charts of Nifty 50, the overall market is consolidating in a range of 15000-19000 and I think it will continue to do so for some time. Previously valuations have fallen to their lows and currently, we can say that the market is fairly valued. From hereon we can see the valuations consolidating for some time which will also reflect in the prices before they break out for another adventure. Large-cap stocks are not severely hit by these market movements yet compared to stocks in small, micro & nano-cap categories. Overall, valuations have increased slightly and banks rules, regulations and frameworks for providing easy loans to medium and large enterprises are also getting strict with the decrease in market momentum & strength. Seeing this, it’s very healthy for the markets to rest for a bit from the long-term perspective and growth.
NSE:NIFTY
by UnknownUnicorn18469944
Balance sheet: taking the first stepsToday we are going to start learning about fundamental analysis of companies. In my opinion, this is the basic skill you should have when picking stocks to invest in. Once again, the main principle of the strategy I follow is to pick outstanding companies and buy their stocks at a discounted price. You may have noticed that first-class products are occasionally discounted in stores, but not for long, because such products are quickly swept off the shelves, and almost the next day the price is again without a discount. Exactly the same strategy is applicable to the stock market. Now, fundamental analysis is a method for picking outstanding companies (that is, companies with strong fundamentals). How can we tell if a company has a strong foundation or not? There is only one way - by analyzing its financial statements. Every listed company has to disclose this information publicly on its website. In other words, we don't have to extract that information - it is publicly available. You can also find it on TradingView and see the data in dynamics. What is the content of this information? The company publishes three reports : balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement. The balance sheet, like the order book , can be presented as an open book. The left side of the book lists the company's assets and their valuation in monetary terms, and the right side lists the company's liabilities and equity , and their valuation in monetary terms. What are company assets? These are everything that belongs to the company: buildings, equipment, trademark, shares of other companies, cash in the cash register. In general, all tangible and intangible property of a company are assets. What are liabilities and equity of a company? These are the sources of funds that gave rise to the assets. For example, if you bought a computer for $1000 with your savings, then the computer is an asset, and your own savings are equity. If a friend lent you $100, and you put the money in your pocket, the money in your pocket is an asset, and the debt to your friend is a liability. Based on these examples, you can make an imaginary balance sheet: As you can see, the entry in the balance sheet is the name of the asset, liability or equity and their monetary value. Assets, liabilities and equity are inextricably linked, so the sum of assets is always equal to the sum of liabilities and equity . If we were to write every asset in this way on the balance sheet of a large company, it would turn into an endless book of hundreds of pages. However, if we look at the balance sheets of huge corporations, they can fit on a single sheet of paper. This is due to the fact that over time invented to group the same type of balance sheet items. Let's look at how the company's balance sheet items are grouped: Don't be frightened. Now we will try to digest this table with the help of an example we are already familiar with. Let's think back to our master cobbler , specifically to the period when he was just starting out. Let's assume what exactly he had at that time: a garage, a table, a chair, a sewing machine, tools, a bag with leather and rubber, thread, a safe with money, a phone book with clients' contact information, a IOU from his friend, and oil company stocks. I have now listed the assets of our master, or should I say, of his workshop. I should note that what is listed here is exactly what is directly related to his business. Even the money in the safe, the debt from his friend, and the oil company shares came about because of the existence of the business. Let's say the master's apartment or the bicycle he rides in the park are not assets, because they don't belong to the workshop. They belong to the master, but not to his business. Let's categorize the workshop's assets into groups. There are two big groups: Current assets and Non-current assets . How should you distinguish them? The general rule is this: Current assets are what a company's product is made of, and what can turn into money in the near future, so they can be called quick assets . Non-current assets are where and with what we create the product, and what can turn into money not so soon (so they can be called long-term assets ). So, here we go: - A garage, a table, a chair are where we create a product, so a long-term (non-current) asset. - A sewing machine, tools - this is what we use to create a product - a long-term (non-current) asset. - A bag with leather and rubber and thread is what a product is made from - a quick (current) asset. - A safe with money is already real money - a quick (current) asset. - A phone book with customer numbers - it's hard to sell it to someone quickly, such assets are also called intangible assets and are placed in long-term (non-current) assets. - IOU from a friend, i.e. a friend bought boots from a master, but can pay only after receiving his salary - a quick (current) asset. - Shares of an oil company - let's assume that a customer once paid for the boots with them - a long-term (non-current) asset. So, we've just categorized the master's assets into two groups: current assets (quick assets) and non-current assets (long-term assets). In the next post, we'll break down the components of these two large groups. See you then!
Editors' picks
NSE:RELIANCEEducation
by Be_Capy
6