COALINDIA 1D Time frame📉 Current Market Snapshot
Current Price: ₹394.35
Previous Close: ₹391.90
Day's Range: ₹390.45 – ₹396.00
52-Week Range: ₹349.20 – ₹517.85
Market Cap: ₹2.42 lakh crore
P/E Ratio: 7.3
Dividend Yield: 6.72%
EPS (TTM): ₹53.78
ROE: 48.7%
Debt-to-Equity Ratio: 0.00
Beta: 1.01
RSI: 61.69
MACD Signal: 1.12
MFI: 71.75
ATR (14): ₹5.72
Harmonic Patterns
Divergence SecretsGreeks and Risk Management
Every option trader must understand Greeks, the risk measures that show sensitivity of option price to different factors:
Delta → Measures how much the option price changes if underlying moves 1 unit.
Gamma → Measures how delta itself changes with price movement.
Theta → Time decay; how much premium falls as expiry nears.
Vega → Sensitivity to volatility. Higher volatility increases premium.
Rho → Sensitivity to interest rates.
Greeks allow traders to hedge portfolios and adjust positions dynamically.
Strategies in Option Trading
Options shine because you can combine calls, puts, and different strikes to create unique strategies.
Directional Strategies
Buying Call → Bullish play.
Buying Put → Bearish play.
Covered Call → Own stock + sell call → generates income.
Protective Put → Own stock + buy put → insurance.
Neutral Market Strategies
Straddle → Buy call + put at same strike → profit from big moves either way.
Strangle → Buy OTM call + OTM put → cheaper version of straddle.
Iron Condor → Sell OTM call and put spreads → profit if market stays in range.
Advanced Plays
Butterfly spread, calendar spread, ratio spreads – for experienced traders.
Options vs. Futures and Stocks
Stocks → Simple ownership. Risk = unlimited downside, reward = unlimited upside.
Futures → Obligation to buy/sell at future price. High leverage, unlimited risk.
Options → Rights, not obligations. Limited risk (for buyer), flexible payoffs.
GRSE Price ActionGarden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd (GRSE) is trading at ₹2,581.90 as of September 13, 2025, marking robust momentum after a sharp rally in recent months. The stock opened at ₹2,370 and reached a session high of ₹2,586.40, comfortably near its 52-week peak of ₹3,538. Market capitalization stands at approximately ₹29,576 crore, indicating significant institutional and retail interest following active trading volumes.
The company’s annual revenue exceeds ₹3,300 crore, propelled by sustained order flow from the Indian Navy, Coast Guard, and growing export opportunities. Net profit margins and operating margins have shown improvement, with current operating margin around 16% and return on equity above 18%, signifying strong operational efficiency and effective cost control. Recent quarterly profits have confirmed consistent earnings growth, supported by a healthy order book and streamlined project execution.
Financially, GRSE maintains a solid balance sheet with low debt and robust cash flows, enabling regular dividend payouts and reinvestment in capacity expansion. The price-to-earnings ratio is moderately higher than sector averages, reflecting market optimism about continued order wins and timely delivery of key projects. Promoter holding remains stable, and increased institutional participation underscores confidence in long-term prospects.
Technically, the stock trades decisively above both its 50-day and 200-day moving averages, indicating sustained bullish momentum. RSI and MACD readings are in a strong trend zone, but not yet in overbought territory, suggesting further upside potential if sector tailwinds persist. GRSE’s outlook remains constructive, with earnings visibility supported by a growing pipeline and ongoing modernization initiatives in naval and defense shipbuilding.
Natco Pharma LtdDate 13.09.2025
Natco Pharma
Timeframe : Day Chart
Business Segments
(1) Export Formulation 44%
(2) Domestic Formulation 15%
(3) Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients 10%
(4) Crop Health Sciences 2%
(5) Other 29%
Manufacturing Facilities
(1) Operates 8 manufacturing plants
(2) 05 for finished dosage formulations
(3) 02 for APIs
(4) 01 for agrochemicals
(5) 02 R&D centers
Key Points
(1) Manufactures & markets finished dosage formulations in 50+ countries, including the US, Canada, Brazil, and Europe
(2) Major US partners include Sun-Ranbaxy, Aceto-Rising, Alvogen, Teva, Mylan, Actavis, Lupin
(3) Domestic formulations business targets Oncology, Specialty Pharma, Cardiology, and Diabetology therapeutic areas
(4) Specializes in niche API manufacturing in the oncology segment
(5) Offers a broad range of crop protection products
(6) Key products target pests affecting crops such as paddy, sugarcane, cotton, tomato, chili, and soybean
(5) Leading contract manufacturer for 40+ pharma products for major Indian companies
Valuations
(1) Market Cap ₹ 15,443 Cr.
(2) Stock P/E 9.10
(3) ROCE 32.8 %
(4) ROE 28.0 %
(5) OPM 44 %
(6) Sales Growth 3 %
(7) Profit Growth 4 %
(8) PEG 0.07
(9) Book Value 2X
Peer Comparison :
Top Peers : Sun pharma, Divis lab, Cipla, Torrent Pharma, Dr Reddy, Mankind Pharma, Zydus
(1) Lowest PE among top peers, Industry median = 33
(2) Highest OPM among top peers, Industry median = 16%
(3) Most fair value PEG, Industry median = 3.53
(4) Most fair Book Value, Industry median = 3.5
(5) Highest ROCE among top peers, Industry median = 15%
(6) Highest ROE among top peer, Industry median = 13%
Note*
The only grey area is that company's significant revenue is dependent from Revlimid sales. Reason behind December 24 Q4 dip.
Regards,
Ankur
[TRUNGDUC] In my perspective, the coin named SEI will go to soonThe likelihood of SEI “returning to the $0.6–$1.4 range” by 2026–27 is fairly high (≈ more than half) if the ecosystem remains intact. The $1.8–$2.5 zone would require further breakthroughs in TVL/catalysts, while the 2028–30 scenario largely depends on whether Giga can turn its promises into real-world throughput. This is not investment advice; you should track TVL/DAA data and technical progress to update the probabilities over time.
Intraday Trading Tips1. Understanding Intraday Trading
Before diving into tips, let’s understand what intraday trading means.
Definition: Intraday trading involves buying and selling financial instruments—stocks, futures, options, or currencies—within the same trading session.
Objective: Profit from short-term price fluctuations.
Settlement: All open positions must be squared off before market close.
Leverage: Traders often use margin (borrowed money) to maximize gains, but this also increases risks.
For example: If you buy 100 shares of Reliance at ₹2,450 in the morning and sell them at ₹2,480 by afternoon, your profit is ₹3,000 (excluding brokerage).
2. Why Intraday Trading Attracts Traders
Quick profits: No need to wait for years like investors.
Leverage advantage: Small capital can control large trades.
Liquidity: You trade highly liquid stocks that allow easy entry/exit.
No overnight risk: Positions close before the market shuts.
However, the risks are equally high—overtrading, market volatility, and emotional decisions can wipe out capital quickly.
3. Golden Intraday Trading Tips
Tip 1: Choose the Right Stocks
Not all stocks are suitable for intraday trading.
Prefer liquid stocks (e.g., Reliance, Infosys, HDFC Bank).
Avoid penny stocks with low volumes.
Track stocks in the Nifty 50 and Bank Nifty basket—they have strong daily movement.
Look for stocks that follow market trends and are backed by news, earnings, or events.
Example: A stock with daily volume above 10 lakh shares is generally liquid enough for intraday trading.
Tip 2: Trade with a Plan
Trading without a plan is like sailing without a compass. Define:
Entry price – When to buy or sell.
Exit price – Where to book profits.
Stop-loss – How much you are ready to lose if the market goes against you.
A simple 2:1 risk-reward ratio is ideal. If you risk ₹1,000, target ₹2,000 profit.
Tip 3: Learn Technical Analysis
Intraday trading depends more on charts than company fundamentals.
Use candlestick patterns (Doji, Hammer, Engulfing).
Apply moving averages (50-day, 200-day) to spot trends.
Watch RSI (Relative Strength Index) for overbought/oversold zones.
Check Volume Profile to confirm momentum.
Example: If a stock breaks above a resistance level with high volume, it signals a potential intraday buying opportunity.
Tip 4: Follow Market Trend
“The trend is your friend.”
If the market is bullish, focus on buy opportunities.
If bearish, focus on short-selling opportunities.
Avoid going against the broader market trend.
Intraday traders often use Nifty and Bank Nifty movement as indicators of overall sentiment.
Tip 5: Use Stop Loss Religiously
The most important tool in intraday trading.
Decide in advance how much loss you can tolerate.
Place stop-loss orders immediately after entering a trade.
This prevents panic selling and large losses.
Example: Buy at ₹500, set stop-loss at ₹490. If the stock falls, you exit automatically, limiting loss.
Tip 6: Don’t Trade on Emotions
Greed and fear are the biggest enemies.
Avoid “revenge trading” after a loss.
Don’t chase stocks just because they are moving fast.
Stick to your trading plan, not your emotions.
Tip 7: Timing Matters
First 15 minutes after market opens = high volatility. Wait and observe.
Best trading hours: 9:30 AM to 11:30 AM and 1:30 PM to 2:30 PM.
Avoid trading just before market close unless you are squaring off.
Tip 8: Don’t Overtrade
Trading too many stocks at once increases confusion.
Focus on 2–3 quality trades per day.
Avoid random entry and exit without reason.
Remember: Fewer quality trades > Many random trades.
Tip 9: Keep Learning from Market News
Earnings results, RBI policy, crude oil prices, inflation data—all impact intraday trends.
Use reliable sources like Bloomberg, Moneycontrol, NSE updates.
Avoid tips from WhatsApp or Telegram groups without proper analysis.
Tip 10: Maintain Trading Discipline
Follow your rules strictly.
Keep a trading journal: Note entries, exits, reasons for trade, and results.
Review mistakes and improve.
4. Intraday Trading Strategies
Apart from general tips, let’s look at popular intraday strategies:
Breakout Trading: Enter when price breaks a strong support or resistance.
Momentum Trading: Buy rising stocks with strong volume, sell falling ones.
Scalping: Make multiple small trades for tiny profits.
Gap Trading: Trade based on price gaps at market opening.
Moving Average Crossover: Buy when short-term MA crosses above long-term MA, and vice versa for selling.
5. Risk Management in Intraday Trading
Without risk management, even the best trader will fail.
Never risk more than 1–2% of your capital per trade.
Diversify trades instead of betting everything on one stock.
Use proper leverage—don’t borrow excessively.
Conclusion
Intraday trading can be profitable, exciting, and rewarding, but it demands discipline, knowledge, and patience. Following intraday trading tips like choosing liquid stocks, sticking to stop-loss, respecting market trends, and avoiding emotions can make a big difference between success and failure.
Remember: In trading, survival is more important than speed. If you protect your capital and manage risks well, profits will follow.
Market Rotation Strategies in Trading1. Introduction to Market Rotation
Market rotation is the process of moving capital from one asset class, sector, or stock to another based on changes in market conditions. Unlike traditional buy-and-hold investing, market rotation seeks to exploit relative performance trends between different sectors or industries.
1.1 Why Market Rotation Matters
Markets are cyclical in nature. Economic growth, inflation, interest rates, and geopolitical factors influence the performance of sectors differently. For example:
During an economic expansion, cyclical sectors like technology, consumer discretionary, and industrials often outperform.
During economic slowdowns, defensive sectors such as utilities, healthcare, and consumer staples typically maintain stability.
By rotating capital into sectors expected to outperform at a given stage of the economic or market cycle, traders can maximize returns while reducing exposure to underperforming sectors.
1.2 Market Rotation vs. Sector Rotation
Although often used interchangeably, there is a subtle difference:
Market Rotation: A broader approach, including shifts between asset classes (stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies) based on economic and market conditions.
Sector Rotation: A subset of market rotation, focusing specifically on shifts between sectors within the equity market.
2. Theoretical Foundations of Market Rotation
Market rotation strategies are grounded in several financial theories:
2.1 Economic Cycle Theory
The economic cycle—expansion, peak, contraction, and trough—directly affects sector performance:
Economic Phase Sectors Likely to Outperform
Early Expansion Technology, Consumer Discretionary, Industrials
Mid Expansion Financials, Energy, Materials
Late Expansion Consumer Staples, Utilities, Healthcare
Recession Bonds, Gold, Defensive Stocks
By understanding these phases, traders can preemptively rotate positions to capitalize on changing economic conditions.
2.2 Relative Strength Theory
Relative strength compares a sector or stock’s performance to the broader market or another sector. Traders often rotate capital from weak sectors to strong sectors based on relative strength indicators:
RSI (Relative Strength Index)
Price momentum
Moving averages crossovers
2.3 Intermarket Analysis
Intermarket analysis studies correlations between markets (e.g., bonds vs. stocks, commodities vs. equities). For instance, rising bond yields often hurt utility stocks but benefit financials, signaling potential rotation opportunities.
3. Types of Market Rotation Strategies
Traders employ different approaches depending on their objectives, time horizon, and risk tolerance:
3.1 Sector Rotation
Definition: Shifting capital between sectors expected to outperform.
Example: Rotating from technology to consumer staples during a market slowdown.
Tools Used: Sector ETFs, mutual funds, and sector indices.
3.2 Style Rotation
Definition: Shifting between investment styles, such as growth vs. value, or small-cap vs. large-cap stocks.
Example: Rotating from growth stocks to value stocks as interest rates rise.
Tools Used: Factor-based ETFs, style-specific indices.
3.3 Asset Class Rotation
Definition: Shifting capital between stocks, bonds, commodities, and currencies based on market conditions.
Example: Moving from equities to gold during high inflation periods.
Tools Used: ETFs, futures, and mutual funds.
3.4 Geographic Rotation
Definition: Rotating investments between different regions or countries.
Example: Allocating capital from emerging markets to developed markets during global risk-off periods.
Tools Used: International ETFs, ADRs, country indices.
4. Practical Steps in Implementing Market Rotation Strategies
Executing a market rotation strategy involves multiple steps:
4.1 Macro-Economic Analysis
Monitor key indicators: GDP growth, inflation, interest rates, unemployment, and central bank policies.
Identify which sectors historically outperform under current conditions.
4.2 Sector and Stock Selection
Use technical and fundamental analysis to identify strong and weak sectors.
Tools:
Sector performance charts
Relative strength indicators
Earnings growth rates
P/E ratios
4.3 Timing the Rotation
Use technical signals like moving averages, RSI, MACD, or Bollinger Bands to determine entry and exit points.
Monitor market sentiment indicators (e.g., VIX) to gauge risk appetite.
4.4 Risk Management
Diversify across sectors to reduce concentration risk.
Use stop-losses to limit downside exposure.
Maintain liquidity to quickly rotate positions as conditions change.
4.5 Execution
ETFs are commonly used for rapid rotation between sectors.
For active traders, individual stocks or futures contracts offer higher precision but require more monitoring.
5. Tools and Indicators for Market Rotation
Market rotation relies on both fundamental and technical analysis tools:
5.1 Technical Indicators
RSI (Relative Strength Index): Identifies overbought and oversold conditions.
MACD (Moving Average Convergence Divergence): Detects trend reversals.
Momentum Indicators: Track the speed of price movement.
Moving Averages: Identify trends and crossovers signaling rotation opportunities.
5.2 Fundamental Indicators
Earnings Growth: Sectors with improving earnings tend to outperform.
Valuation Ratios: P/E, P/B, and dividend yields help identify undervalued sectors.
Economic Sensitivity: Classify sectors as cyclical or defensive.
5.3 Intermarket Relationships
Track correlations between interest rates, commodity prices, and equities.
Example: Rising oil prices may benefit energy sectors but hurt consumer discretionary.
6. Examples of Market Rotation Strategies
6.1 Historical Sector Rotation Example
Scenario: 2020-2021 pandemic recovery.
Early recovery: Technology and healthcare stocks outperformed due to remote work and healthcare demand.
Later stages: Cyclical sectors like travel, industrials, and energy gained momentum as economic activity normalized.
6.2 Interest Rate-Based Rotation
Rising rates often hurt high-growth tech stocks.
Traders may rotate into financials or energy stocks, which benefit from rising rates.
6.3 Commodity-Driven Rotation
Rising commodity prices benefit sectors like energy, materials, and industrials.
Traders can rotate into these sectors during commodity booms and shift out during declines.
Conclusion
Market rotation strategies offer traders and investors a systematic approach to navigating dynamic markets. By understanding macroeconomic cycles, relative sector performance, and technical indicators, traders can rotate capital effectively to capture gains while minimizing losses. Though it requires skill, discipline, and constant monitoring, a well-executed rotation strategy can significantly enhance portfolio performance, particularly in volatile or uncertain markets.
In essence, market rotation is a dynamic, proactive, and informed approach to trading, combining the insights of economic cycles with the precision of technical analysis. It transforms passive investing into an active strategy designed to exploit trends, cycles, and relative performance patterns—making it a cornerstone technique for sophisticated traders and portfolio managers.
SENSEX 1D Time frame Current Status
Trading around 81,904 points
Showing steady upward move in recent se
Key Levels
Support: 81,600 → 81,400 → 81,000
Resistance: 82,000 → 82,400 → 83,000
Outlook
As long as Sensex holds above 81,400–81,600, trend remains positive. Break above 82,000–82,400 can lead toward higher levels, while falling below 81,000 may trigger correction.
BANKNIFTY (1D timeframe)📍 Current Level
Trading around 54,809 points
🔑 Key Levels
Immediate Resistance: 55,000 → 55,200
Immediate Support: 54,400 → 54,500
Deeper Support: 53,800 → 53,500
✅ Outlook
If BankNifty breaks and holds above 55,000–55,200, more upside is possible.
If it falls below 54,400–54,500, weakness can take it down toward 53,800–53,500.
BAJFINANCE 1D Time frameCurrent Market Situation
Bajaj Finance is trading around ₹1003 in the daily chart. This level is very important because the stock has just touched its 52-week high near ₹1005. On the lower side, today’s support level is around ₹970 – ₹975, which is also close to the previous closing price.
The overall trend in the daily chart is strongly bullish, meaning buyers are in control right now.
Private and Public Banks: Their Role in Trading1. Understanding Private and Public Banks
1.1 Public Banks
Definition: Banks owned or majorly controlled by governments.
Examples: State Bank of India (SBI), Bank of Baroda, Punjab National Bank, and international giants like China Development Bank or Germany’s KfW.
Role: Support trade finance, infrastructure, and developmental goals while also operating commercially.
Trust Factor: Often seen as safer due to government backing.
1.2 Private Banks
Definition: Banks owned by private individuals or institutions, focused on maximizing profits.
Examples: HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, Axis Bank, JPMorgan Chase, Goldman Sachs, HSBC (though HSBC has mixed ownership).
Role: More aggressive in expanding into global markets, offering innovative trading products, and catering to high-net-worth individuals and corporates.
2. Banking as a Foundation for Trading
Both types of banks serve as pillars of the trading ecosystem. Their activities include:
Providing Liquidity: Banks buy and sell financial instruments, ensuring markets don’t dry up.
Market Making: Many large banks act as intermediaries in forex and derivatives trading.
Credit Access: Traders and corporations rely on bank credit to fund positions.
Clearing & Settlement: Banks ensure smooth processing of trades through clearinghouses.
Risk Management: Offering hedging tools, swaps, options, and forward contracts.
3. Role of Public Banks in Trading
Public banks play a dual role: stabilizing markets while also enabling participation in global trading.
3.1 Trade Finance
Provide letters of credit (LCs) and bank guarantees for exporters/importers.
Ensure trust in international trade transactions.
3.2 Forex Market Interventions
Act on behalf of central banks to stabilize currency markets.
Support importers by ensuring adequate foreign exchange availability.
3.3 Developmental Trading Role
Encourage financing of essential commodities (oil, wheat, fertilizers).
Maintain food and energy security through commodity trade funding.
3.4 Example: State Bank of India (SBI)
India’s largest public bank actively supports exporters through concessional finance.
Plays a key role in rupee-dollar trade settlement, enhancing India’s presence in global forex.
3.5 Strengths of Public Banks in Trading
Government backing ensures trust and credibility.
Ability to fund large-scale infrastructure trading projects.
Acts as a stabilizer during financial crises.
4. Role of Private Banks in Trading
Private banks are more aggressive and profit-oriented, often setting trends in trading innovations.
4.1 Active Participation in Global Markets
Private banks like JPMorgan, Goldman Sachs, Barclays are market leaders in forex, commodities, and equity trading.
Operate investment banking arms specializing in derivatives, structured products, and electronic trading platforms.
4.2 Wealth Management and Private Banking Services
Offer exclusive access to equity trading, hedge funds, and forex products for wealthy clients.
Provide advisory services to optimize portfolio exposure to global markets.
4.3 Technological Edge
Private banks are pioneers in algorithmic trading and high-frequency trading (HFT).
Platforms like HDFC Securities, ICICI Direct offer retail access to stock markets.
4.4 Example: Goldman Sachs
Dominates derivatives and commodities markets.
Provides structured financing deals for corporations to hedge against risks.
4.5 Strengths of Private Banks in Trading
Innovation-driven, offering sophisticated trading products.
Higher efficiency and faster adoption of fintech.
Wider global presence compared to many public banks.
5. Comparative Roles of Public vs Private Banks in Trading
Aspect Public Banks Private Banks
Ownership Government Private shareholders
Risk Appetite Conservative, stability-driven Aggressive, profit-driven
Innovation Moderate High (HFT, derivatives, fintech)
Global Trading Role Primarily support trade finance and forex Market leaders in derivatives, equities, commodities
Trust Factor Strong due to state backing Strong brand but vulnerable in crises
Client Base Mass market, corporates, governments High-net-worth individuals, institutions, corporates
6. Contribution to Different Types of Trading
6.1 Equity Trading
Public Banks: Generally less active in proprietary equity trading but support retail and institutional participation.
Private Banks: Major global equity traders, offering brokerage, research, and portfolio management.
6.2 Forex Trading
Public Banks: Assist central banks in intervention and stabilize exchange rates.
Private Banks: Global market makers, driving trillions of dollars in daily forex transactions.
6.3 Commodity Trading
Public Banks: Finance essential imports like crude oil and food grains.
Private Banks: Dominate speculative trading in oil, gold, and agricultural futures.
6.4 Derivatives & Structured Products
Public Banks: Use derivatives mainly for hedging national interests.
Private Banks: Innovate complex structured products, options, swaps, and exotic derivatives.
7. Challenges Faced by Public and Private Banks in Trading
7.1 Public Banks
Political interference in lending and trade financing.
Slower adoption of new technologies.
Higher burden of non-performing assets (NPAs).
7.2 Private Banks
Higher exposure to speculative risks.
Vulnerable to global financial shocks (e.g., Lehman Brothers collapse).
Criticism for prioritizing profit over public interest.
8. The Changing Landscape: Fintech and Digital Trading
Both public and private banks are facing disruption from fintechs:
Digital trading apps (Zerodha, Robinhood, Groww) are reducing dependency on banks for stock trading.
Still, banks remain indispensable for clearing, settlement, large-scale financing, and providing credibility.
Public banks are slowly catching up with digitization, while private banks continue to push boundaries with AI-driven trading systems.
Conclusion
The roles of public and private banks in trading are complementary rather than competitive. Public banks provide stability, credibility, and developmental support, while private banks bring innovation, speed, and global connectivity. Together, they form the backbone of the international trading ecosystem.
As trading becomes more globalized, technology-driven, and interconnected, both public and private banks will need to adapt rapidly. The future will likely see a hybrid financial system where state-backed security and private sector innovation coexist to shape the world of trading.
Relative Strength Index (RSI) in Trading1. Introduction to RSI
The financial markets operate on the constant tug-of-war between buyers and sellers. Traders have long sought tools to identify when markets are likely to reverse or continue trending. Among the most widely used technical indicators is the Relative Strength Index (RSI), a momentum oscillator developed to measure the speed and magnitude of recent price movements.
The RSI is not just a number; it’s a psychological mirror of the market, showing when traders may be overenthusiastic (overbought) or overly fearful (oversold). Since its introduction in 1978 by J. Welles Wilder Jr., RSI has become a cornerstone of technical analysis, used by retail traders, institutional investors, and even algorithmic systems across stocks, forex, commodities, and crypto.
2. History & Origin of RSI
RSI was introduced in Wilder’s famous book “New Concepts in Technical Trading Systems” (1978), alongside other indicators like the Average True Range (ATR) and Parabolic SAR. Wilder, a mechanical engineer turned trader, believed in quantifying market psychology.
Before RSI, momentum indicators existed, but they lacked a standardized scale. Wilder’s breakthrough was normalizing momentum into a range between 0 and 100, making it universally applicable and easier to interpret. Over time, RSI’s simplicity and adaptability allowed it to transcend asset classes, from Dow Jones stocks in the 80s to Bitcoin and Ethereum today.
3. Mathematical Formula & Calculation
The RSI formula is:
𝑅
𝑆
𝐼
=
100
−
(
100
1
+
𝑅
𝑆
)
RSI=100−(
1+RS
100
)
Where:
RS (Relative Strength) = Average Gain / Average Loss (over a set period, usually 14)
Steps:
Calculate the average of “up closes” and “down closes” for 14 periods.
Divide average gain by average loss = RS.
Plug RS into the RSI formula to scale between 0–100.
Example:
Average Gain = 1.5%
Average Loss = 0.75%
RS = 1.5 / 0.75 = 2
RSI = 100 – = 66.6
Thus, RSI = 67 indicates bullish momentum but not yet overbought.
4. Understanding RSI Levels
Above 70 → Overbought (possible correction)
Below 30 → Oversold (possible rebound)
Around 50 → Neutral (balance between buyers & sellers)
Some traders adjust:
80/20 levels for stronger trends
60/40 levels in trending markets (RSI may not touch extremes often)
RSI levels act as zones of probability, not absolute buy/sell signals.
5. RSI in Different Market Conditions
Trending Markets: RSI can remain overbought (>70) or oversold (<30) for extended periods. For example, in strong bull runs, RSI may hover around 70–80.
Ranging Markets: RSI oscillates smoothly between 30 and 70, making it excellent for mean-reversion strategies.
Volatile Markets: RSI signals can be whipsawed, requiring filters like moving averages or multiple timeframe confirmations.
6. RSI Trading Strategies
a) Overbought & Oversold Strategy
Buy when RSI < 30 (oversold) and price shows reversal.
Sell when RSI > 70 (overbought) and reversal signs appear.
Works best in sideways markets.
b) Divergence Strategy
Bullish Divergence: Price makes lower lows, RSI makes higher lows → reversal likely upward.
Bearish Divergence: Price makes higher highs, RSI makes lower highs → reversal likely downward.
c) RSI Swing Rejections
A method Wilder emphasized:
Bullish: RSI goes below 30, bounces back, rejects a second drop, then crosses above previous high.
Bearish: RSI goes above 70, falls, rejects second rise, then breaks lower.
d) RSI Trendlines & Breakouts
Traders draw trendlines on RSI itself, treating it like a price chart. Breakouts often lead price action.
e) RSI + Moving Averages
Use RSI to confirm MA crossovers. Example: RSI > 50 when 50-day MA crosses above 200-day MA strengthens bullish trend.
7. RSI for Different Timeframes
Intraday/Scalping (1–5 min): RSI is very sensitive. Traders use shorter settings (7-period RSI).
Swing Trading (1D–1W): Classic 14-period RSI works well. Divergences are powerful.
Long-Term Investing (1M): RSI identifies market cycles; buying when RSI < 30 on monthly charts often captures generational opportunities.
8. Combining RSI with Other Indicators
a) RSI + MACD
MACD confirms trend direction; RSI signals entry/exit.
Example: MACD bullish crossover + RSI near 40–50 = strong buy signal.
b) RSI + Bollinger Bands
RSI overbought + price at upper band → higher reversal probability.
RSI oversold + price at lower band → bounce likely.
c) RSI + Volume Profile
High volume at RSI extremes confirms stronger reversals.
d) RSI + Moving Averages
RSI trending above 50 while price is above MA = bullish confirmation.
Conclusion
The Relative Strength Index (RSI) remains one of the most effective momentum oscillators in trading history. From J. Welles Wilder’s manual calculations in the 70s to modern-day algorithmic applications, RSI has proven its adaptability.
Its power lies not in blindly buying at 30 or selling at 70, but in understanding context, divergences, swing rejections, and market psychology. While it has limitations in trending markets, when combined with other tools, RSI becomes a formidable ally.
For traders, RSI is more than a number. It’s a window into collective human behavior, showing how emotion, momentum, and probability interact to move markets. Whether you’re day-trading forex, swing-trading stocks, or investing in crypto, RSI remains a timeless guide to navigating uncertainty.